Respondents’ backgrounds
| Demographic table | No. of respondents | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Years of experience | ||
| 5 years | 44 | 60.3 |
| 6–10 years | 23 | 31.5 |
| 11–15 years | 5 | 6.8 |
| ≥16 years | 1 | 1.4 |
| Qualification | ||
| Undergraduate | 60 | 82.2 |
| Master’s | 12 | 16.4 |
| PhD | 1 | 1.4 |
| Organisation category | ||
| Design consultants | 29 | 39.7 |
| General contractors | 27 | 37 |
| Client | 17 | 23.3 |
| Position | ||
| Project manager | 10 | 13.7 |
| Architect | 12 | 16.4 |
| Engineer | 20 | 27.4 |
| Quantity surveyor | 9 | 12.3 |
| Owner | 22 | 30.2 |
| Type of project mostly performed | ||
| Residential construction | 29 | 39.7 |
| Commercial construction | 18 | 24.7 |
| Institutional construction | 24 | 32.9 |
| 2 | 2.7 | |
| Industrial construction | ||
| Project size | ||
| Small | 27 | 37 |
| Medium | 43 | 58.9 |
| Large | 3 | 4.1 |
| Awareness of project delivery method | ||
| ODF | 15 | 20.5 |
| DBB | 24 | 32.9 |
| DB | 12 | 16.4 |
| Package deal | 2 | 2.7 |
| Turnkey | 2 | 2.7 |
| Develop and construct | 1 | 1.4 |
| CM | 13 | 17.8 |
| Management contracting | 2 | 2.7 |
| Design and manage | 2 | 2.7 |
| Total of questionnaires sent | 100 | |
| Total of questionnaires received | 73 | |
| Percentage of respondents | 73% | |
Current status concerning the usage level of project procurement systems in building construction projects in Rwanda
| Level of usage | ODF | DBB | DB | CM |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MS | 4.03 | 4.36 | 3.22 | 1.49 |
Summary of previous studies on the key performance criteria and their indicators that have been used for evaluating the effects of procurement systems on project performance
| Performance criteria and their indicators | Previous studies | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Smith et al. (1992) | Barkley and Saylor (1994) | Hogg and Morledge (1995) | Sanvido et al. (1997) | Luis et al. (1999) | Alhazmi and McCaffer (2000) | Ling et al. (2001) | Yates and Eskander (2002) | Ameyaw (2009) | Oladinrin et al.(2013) | Caccames and Bragantini (2012) | Project management institute (2013) | Ghulam and Noel (2015) | Abdul Rashid et al.(2016) | Alaeddin & Nuhu (2016) | |
| Criteria | |||||||||||||||
| A. Time | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||
| B. Cost | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||
| C. Quality | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||
| D. Scope | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| A. Time related indicators | |||||||||||||||
| 1. Less compensable time of delays | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| 2. Time overruns control during construction | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| 3. Time saving | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 4. Rapid response to new order change | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
| 5. Fast track construction | |||||||||||||||
| 6. Early start of construction | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| 7. Meeting scheduled time | |||||||||||||||
| B. Cost related indicators | |||||||||||||||
| 1. Compensable costs | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 2. Contingency costs | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 3. Legal costs | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 4. Dispute and claim costs | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 5. Cost of insurance | |||||||||||||||
| 6. Cost of environmental issue | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 7. Managerial costs | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| 8. Reworks costs | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| 9. Maintenance costs | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 10. Change orders costs | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 11. Cost saving | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
| 12. Reduction of financial risks | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| C. Quality related indicators | |||||||||||||||
| 1. Compliance with specification | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| 2. Competence of project team | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 3. Change control | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 4. Material tests | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 5. Training and incentives for labour personnel | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| 6. Supervision of work | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 7. Flexibility for innovation and new systems | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 8. Construction durability | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| 9. Appearance of the building | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ||||||||||||
| D. Scope related indicators | |||||||||||||||
| 1. Meeting defined project scope | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||
| 2. Scope change control | ✓ | ✓ | |||||||||||||
| 3. Scope creep and gold-plating control | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 4. Set manageable requirement | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 5. Flexible scope of work | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 6. Fixed scope of work | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
| 7. Activities interference minimisation | ✓ | ||||||||||||||
Influence level of procurement systems on quality performance
| Performance criteria | MS of project procurement systems’ influence level | Rank | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ODF | DBB | DB | CM | ODF | GC | DB | CM | |
| Quality-related | 2.86 | 3.02 | 4.09 | 4.11 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| 1. Compliance with specification | 3.63 | 3.60 | 4.26 | 4.34 | 2 | 2 | 5 | 5 |
| 2. Competence of project team | 2.16 | 3.63 | 4.30 | 4.95 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 1 |
| 3. Change control | 2.68 | 3.00 | 3.55 | 3.38 | 5 | 5 | 9 | 9 |
| 4. Material tests | 4.26 | 3.03 | 4.32 | 4.37 | 1 | 4 | 3 | 4 |
| 5. Training and incentives to labours | 2.97 | 2.40 | 3.93 | 3.39 | 4 | 8 | 6 | 8 |
| 6. Supervision of wok | 2.42 | 3.55 | 4.53 | 4.63 | 7 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| 7. Flexibility for innovation and new systems | 2.00 | 2.37 | 4.59 | 4.63 | 9 | 9 | 1 | 3 |
| 8. Construction durability | 2.59 | 2.63 | 3.95 | 4.25 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 |
| 9. Appearance of the building | 3.00 | 3.00 | 3.36 | 3.41 | 3 | 6 | 8 | 7 |
Influence level of procurement systems on time performance
| Performance criteria | MS of project procurement systems’ influence level | Rank | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ODF | DBB | DB | CM | ODF | GC | DB | CM | |
| Time-related | 2.72 | 2.95 | 3.92 | 3.75 | 4 | 3 | 1 | 2 |
| 1. Less compensable time of delays | 3.14 | 3.00 | 4.63 | 4.45 | 1 | 4 | 1 | 1 |
| 2. Time overruns control during construction | 3.04 | 3.08 | 3.34 | 3.93 | 3 | 3 | 7 | 3 |
| 3. Time saving | 2.45 | 2.37 | 3.63 | 3.63 | 5 | 7 | 5 | 4 |
| 4. Rapid response to new order or change | 2.99 | 2.82 | 3.41 | 3.38 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
| 5. Fast track construction | 1.97 | 2.90 | 4.18 | 4.01 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 |
| 6. Early start of construction | 3.08 | 3.08 | 4.04 | 3.38 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 6 |
| 7. Meeting scheduled time | 2.37 | 3.41 | 4.22 | 3.49 | 6 | 1 | 2 | 5 |
Influence level of procurement systems on scope performance
| Performance criteria | MS of project procurement systems’ influence level | Rank | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ODF | DBB | DB | CM | ODF | GC | DB | CM | |
| Scope-related | 2.79 | 2.72 | 3.97 | 4.08 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
| 1. Meeting-defined project scope | 2.42 | 3.05 | 4.19 | 4.47 | 5 | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| 2. Scope change control | 3.15 | 3.49 | 4.25 | 4.33 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 |
| 3. Scope creep and gold plating (adding or altering features) control | 2.42 | 2.00 | 3.92 | 4.04 | 6 | 7 | 4 | 5 |
| 4. Set manageable requirements | 2.63 | 2.52 | 4.00 | 4.21 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 3 |
| 5. Flexible scope of work | 3.45 | 2.00 | 3.70 | 3.79 | 1 | 6 | 6 | 6 |
| 6. Fixed scope of work | 2.18 | 3.63 | 4.19 | 4.15 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 4 |
| 7. Activities interference minimisation | 3.26 | 2.37 | 3.52 | 3.60 | 2 | 5 | 7 | 7 |
Reliability of the data
| Characteristic | Cronbach’s α | Reliability |
|---|---|---|
| (1) Level of usage of four most-utilised procurement systems in Rwanda | 0.880 | Good |
| (2) Effect of ODF on performance indicators | 0.928 | Excellent |
| (3) Effect of DBB on performance indicators. | 0.910 | Excellent |
| (4) Effect of DB on performance indicators | 0.968 | Excellent |
| (5) Effect of CM on performance indicators | 0.960 | Excellent |
Influence level of procurement systems on cost performance
| Performance criteria | MS of project procurement systems’ influence level | Rank | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ODF | DBB | DB | CM | ODF | GC | DB | CM | |
| Cost-related | 4.18 | 4.07 | 3.32 | 4.12 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| 1. Compensable costs | 3.92 | 3.54 | 3.51 | 3.53 | 11 | 11 | 5 | 11 |
| 2. Contingency costs | 4.15 | 3.82 | 3.11 | 4.63 | 6 | 9 | 8 | 2 |
| 3. Legal costs | 4.41 | 4.00 | 3.00 | 4.04 | 4 | 6 | 9 | 7 |
| 4. Dispute and claims costs | 4.04 | 4.00 | 2.86 | 4.04 | 8 | 7 | 11 | 6 |
| 5. Costs of insurance | 3.37 | 3.33 | 3.37 | 3.37 | 12 | 12 | 7 | 12 |
| 6. Cost of environmental issues | 4.00 | 4.51 | 2.44 | 4.59 | 9 | 3 | 12 | 3 |
| 7. Managerial costs (consultancies) | 4.59 | 3.88 | 3.00 | 4.00 | 3 | 10 | 10 | 9 |
| 8. Reworks costs | 4.65 | 4.59 | 4.01 | 4.64 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| 9. Maintenance costs | 4.10 | 4.29 | 3.41 | 4.41 | 7 | 5 | 6 | 4 |
| 10. Change orders costs | 4.37 | 4.37 | 3.58 | 4.37 | 5 | 4 | 4 | 5 |
| 11. Cost saving | 4.63 | 4.55 | 3.86 | 3.78 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 10 |
| 12. Reduction of financial risk | 4.00 | 3.96 | 3.67 | 4.00 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 8 |