Fig. 1:
Summary of EFA_
| Variables | Extracted variables | Number of items | Eigenvalues | Variance explained | Factor loadinga | Communalitiesa | CA | KMO |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uncertainty | Documentation factor | 7 | 9.105 | 24.98% | 0.574→0.789 | 0.563→0.776 | 0.901 | 0.899 |
| Physical constraints factors | 4 | 1.160 | 22.24% | 0.635→0.798 | 0.653→0.717 | 0.850 | ||
| Human factors | 7 | 1.207 | 18.95% | 0.552→0.814 | 0.597→0.793 | 0.881 | ||
| IOC | Interorganisational conflict | 13 | 9.687 | 74.51 | 0.784→0.912 | 0.746→0.828 | 0.971 | 0.953 |
Analysis of the level of IOC in building refurbishment projects_
| No. | Variable | Indicator | Mean (N=188) | Result | Overall mean | Overall result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Conflict factors | Basic responsibilities | 3.13 | Moderately conflicting | 2.80 | Moderately conflicting |
| Project’s goals | 3.04 | Moderately conflicting | ||||
| Task expectations | 3.03 | Moderately conflicting | ||||
| Interference | 2.96 | Moderately conflicting | ||||
| Standards of behaviours | 3.14 | Moderately conflicting | ||||
| Final cost | 2.02 | Highly conflicting | ||||
| Final duration | 2.13 | Highly conflicting | ||||
| Final quality | 3.37 | Moderately conflicting | ||||
| Conflict between the client and the contractor | 2.28 | Highly conflicting | ||||
| Conflict between the client and the consultant | 3.12 | Moderately conflicting | ||||
| Conflict between the contractor and the consultant | 3.22 | Moderately conflicting | ||||
| Conflict during the design stage | 3.51 | Moderately conflicting | ||||
| Conflict during the construction stage | 2.28 | Highly conflicting | ||||
| Interorganisational conflict (IOC) | 2.80 | Moderately conflicting | ||||
To what extent do you agree/disagree with the following statements relating to the refurbishment project that you have selected?
| Item | Statement | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Archived document of the existing building (as-built drawings & reports) was available. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 2 | Utility information of the existing building was complete. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 3 | Non-destructive testing (e.g. ultrasonic testing) results were available | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 4 | Building inspection results were available. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 5 | Building site survey results were available. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 6 | The design information during the design stage was fully available. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 7 | The design information during the constructing stage was fully available. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 8 | Access to the site was easy. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 9 | The space available for working on the refurbishment site was adequate. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 10 | The space available for storing material was adequate. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 11 | The site conditions (e.g. piping, electrical and structural) were foreseen | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 12 | The scope of work was clear. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 13 | The contractual obligations were clear. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 14 | Matching new materials with the existing materials was easy. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 15 | The construction materials were easy to be obtained. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 16 | The client’s skills and knowledge related to the refurbishment project were high. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 17 | The client’s needs were certain. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 18 | The changes to the design made by the client were few. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Uncertainty factors in building refurbishment projects_
| Uncertainty factors | Reference |
|---|---|
| Lack of archived documents of the existing building | Bernstein et al. (2014), Ali (2010) and Noori and Mokariantabari (2019b) |
| Incomplete utility information of the existing building | Bernstein et al. (2014), Volk et al. (2014) and Noori and Mokariantabari (2019b) |
| Unavailability of non-destructive testing results | Ali (2010) and Noori and Mokariantabari (2019b) |
| Unavailability of building inspection results | Doran et al. (2009), Bulleit (2008) and Noori and Mokariantabari (2019b) |
| Unavailability of building site survey results | Bernstein et al. (2014) and Zolkafli et al. (2012) |
| Lack of design information during the design stage | Zolkafli et al. (2012) and Ali (2008) |
| Lack of design information during the construction stage | Ali (2014), Rahmat (2008) and Mokariantabari et al. (2019) |
| Difficulty in access to the construction site | Tzortzopoulos et al. (2020) and Mokariantabari et al. (2019) |
| Inadequate space available for working on the building refurbishment site | Mokariantabari et al. (2019), Noori and Mokariantabari (2019b) and Sezer (2017) |
| Inadequate space available for storage of material | Sheth et al. (2010) and Chong and Zin (2010) |
| Unforeseen site conditions | Kim et al. (2020) and Bernstein et al. (2014) |
| Unclear scope of work | Mokariantabari et al. (2019) |
| Unclear contractual obligations | Manuel et al. (2016), Rahmat (2008) and Noori and Mokariantabari (2019b) |
| Uncertain client needs | Akintan and Morledge (2013), Mustafa (2007) and Noori and Mokariantabari (2019a) |
| Design changes made by the client | Bernstein et al. (2014) and Ofori (2013) |
| Lack of client’s skill and knowledge related to the building refurbishment project | Vaux and Kirk (2014) and Ali and Au-Yong (2021) |
| Difficulty in matching new materials with existing materials | Vaysburd et al. (2014) and Noori and Mokariantabari (2019b) |
| Difficulty in obtaining construction materials | Aziz and Abdel-Hakam (2016) and Diab and Mehany (2021) |
Initial assumptions of EFA_
| Variables | KMO | BTS | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Approx. chi-square | df | Significance | ||
| Uncertainty | 0.899 | 2,490.606 | 153 | 0.000 |
| IOC | 0.953 | 2,874.404 | 78 | 0.000 |
Analysis of the level of uncertainty in refurbishment projects_
| No. | Variable | Indicator | Mean (N=188) | Result | Overall mean | Rank | Overall result |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | Documentation factor | Archived document | 2.62 | Moderately uncertain | 2.50 | 2 | Moderately uncertain |
| Utility information | 2.56 | Moderately uncertain | |||||
| Non-destructive testing | 1.73 | Highly uncertain | |||||
| Building inspection | 2.64 | Moderately uncertain | |||||
| Building site survey | 2.76 | Moderately uncertain | |||||
| Design information during the design stage | 2.58 | Moderately uncertain | |||||
| Design information during the constructing stage | 2.65 | Moderately uncertain | |||||
| B | Physical constraints factor | Access to the site | 2.20 | Highly uncertain | 2.31 | 1 | Highly uncertain |
| Space for working | 2.48 | Moderately uncertain | |||||
| Space for storage of material | 2.23 | Highly uncertain | |||||
| Unforeseen site conditions | 2.34 | Moderately uncertain | |||||
| C | Human factor | Scope of work | 2.27 | Highly uncertain | |||
| Contractual obligations | 2.27 | Highly uncertain | 2.62 | 3 | Moderately uncertain | ||
| Matching of new materials | 3.03 | Moderately uncertain | |||||
| Obtaining construction materials | 2.53 | Moderately uncertain | |||||
| Client’s skill and knowledge | 2.84 | Moderately uncertain | |||||
| Client’s needs | 2.45 | Moderately uncertain | |||||
| Design changes made by client | 2.97 | Moderately uncertain | |||||
| Uncertainty in refurbishment projects | 2.48 | Moderately uncertain | |||||
Path coefficient of the relationship between uncertainty and IOC in refurbishment projects_
| Path | B | t-value | R2 | Q2 | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UNC → IOC | 0.435 | 4.985** | 0.281 | 0.271 | P < 0.01 |
Interorganisational conflict factors in building refurbishment projects_
| Interorganisational conflict factors | References |
|---|---|
| Disagreement over basic responsibilities | Noori et al. (2021) and Narh et al. (2015) |
| Disagreement on how to achieve the project’s goals | Ali et al. (2014), Kerzner (2013) and Harmon (2003a, 2003b) |
| Disagreement over task expectations | You et al. (2018) and Vaux and Kirk (2014) |
| Disagreement over the interference of other project members in their works | Cao et al. (2020), Bekele (2015) and Moura and Teixeira (2010) |
| Disagreement over ethical standards of behaviour | Noori et al. (2021), Lumineau et al. (2015) and Kang (2004) |
| Disagreement over the final cost, duration and quality | Ansari et al. (2022), Khahro and Ali (2014) and Noori et al. (2021) |
To what extent did the following interorganisational conflicts occur in the refurbishment project?
| Item | Interorganisational conflicts | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | The organisations involved in the refurbishment project agreed on their basic responsibilities. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 2 | The organisations involved in the refurbishment project agreed on achieving the project’s goals. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 3 | The organisations involved in the refurbishment project agreed on task expectations. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 4 | The organisations involved in the refurbishment project agreed on the interference of other project members in their works. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 5 | The organisations involved in the refurbishment project agreed on standards of behaviour. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 6 | The client and the contractor agreed on the final cost of the refurbishment project. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 7 | The client and the contractor agreed on the final duration of the refurbishment project. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 8 | The client and the contractor agreed on the final quality of the refurbishment project. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 9 | The level of organisational conflict between the client and the contractor in the refurbishment project was low. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 10 | The level of organisational conflict between the client and the consultants in the refurbishment project was low. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 11 | The level of organisational conflict between the contractor and the consultants in the refurbishment project was low. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 12 | The level of interorganisational conflict during the design stage of the refurbishment project was low. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 13 | The level of interorganisational conflict during the construction stage of the refurbishment project was low. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |