Fig. 1:
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3:
Construction manager competencies expected skills variable analysis
| Descriptive statistics (variables = 13; N = 330) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coding | Mean | Std. deviation | RII | Ranking |
| CMES5 | 4.68 | 0.567 | 0.93 | 1st |
| CMES1 | 4.51 | 0.681 | 0.90 | 2nd |
| CMES13 | 4.41 | 0.693 | 0.88 | 3rd |
| CMES12 | 4.38 | 0.727 | 0.87 | 4th |
| CMES6 | 4.37 | 0.686 | 0.87 | 5th |
| CMES11 | 4.37 | 0.650 | 0.87 | 6th |
| CMES10 | 4.33 | 0.746 | 0.86 | 7th |
| CMES2 | 4.33 | 0.733 | 0.86 | 8th |
| CMES4 | 4.33 | 0.694 | 0.86 | 9th |
| CMES3 | 4.30 | 0.789 | 0.86 | 10th |
| CMES8 | 4.28 | 0.721 | 0.85 | 11th |
| CMES7 | 4.26 | 0.776 | 0.85 | 12th |
| CMES9 | 4.25 | 0.824 | 0.85 | 13th |
Data reliability test
| KMO and Bartlett’s test | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Competencies variables 27 | Skills variables 13 | ||
| KMO measure of sampling adequacy | 0.892 | 0.893 | |
| Bartlett’s test of sphericity | Approx. chi-square | 2006.213 | 775.901 |
| Df | 351 | 78 | |
| Sig. | 0.000 | 0.000 | |
Cronbach’s α test
| Reliability statistics | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Cronbach’s α | Cronbach’s α based on standard-ised items | N variable | |
| Expected competency | 0.881 | 0.880 | 27 |
| Expected skills | 0.813 | 0.813 | 13 |
Criteria guide for EFA
| S. No. | Criteria | Parameter |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | Factor loading value | ≥0.35 |
| 2. | Eigen factor value | >1 |
| 3. | KMO test | ≥0.5 |
| 4. | Correlation matrix of variables | ≥0.05 |
| 5. | Test of sphericity anti-image | <0.05 |
| 6. | Percentage of variance | ≥50% |
| 7. | Variable communality value ≥0.05 | Variable communality value ≥0.05 |
| 8. | Parallel analysis test | Real eigenvalue factor > random order eigenvalue factor |
Component clustering (competencies)
| Rotated component matrix | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Component | |||||||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| CMC7 | 0.659 | ||||||
| CMC19 | 0.641 | ||||||
| CMC16 | 0.596 | ||||||
| CMC22 | 0.469 | ||||||
| CMC2 | 0.708 | ||||||
| CMC3 | 0.6200 | ||||||
| CMC20 | 0.496 | ||||||
| CMC4 | 0.495 | ||||||
| CMC8 | 0.405 | ||||||
| CMC18 | 0.657 | ||||||
| CMC21 | 0.566 | ||||||
| CMC17 | 0.534 | ||||||
| CMC24 | 0.424 | ||||||
| CMC5 | 0.733 | ||||||
| CMC14 | 0.564 | ||||||
| CMC13 | 0.423 | ||||||
| CMC12 | 0.423 | ||||||
| CMC6 | 0.358 | ||||||
| CMC9 | 0.640 | ||||||
| CMC11 | 0.593 | ||||||
| CMC10 | 0.468 | ||||||
| CMC1 | 0.459 | ||||||
| CMC15 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| CMC26 | 0.751 | ||||||
| CMC23 | 0.550 | ||||||
| CMC25 | X | X | X | X | X | X | X |
| CMC27 | 0.820 | ||||||
Critical competencies expected of CMG
| S/N | Coding | Expected competency | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | CMC1 | Team leadership and management | Love et al. 2001; Dainty et al. 2004; Male et al. 2010; Affandi et al. 2013; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Mühlbacher et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Wang and Cheng 2022 |
| 2. | CMC2 | Knowledge of the biding and tendering process | Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Wang and Cheng 2022 |
| 3. | CMC3 | Risk management | Abdullah et al. 2017; Wang and Cheng 2022 |
| 4. | CMC4 | Pre-contract planning and programming | Affandi et al. 2013; Wang and Cheng 2022 |
| 5. | CMC5 | Honesty and integrity | Love et al. 2001; Dainty et al. 2004; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Pellisé Tintoré 2014; Mitcheltree et al. 2019 |
| 6. | CMC6 | Site survey and analysis of construction site | Love et al. 2001; Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Wang and Cheng 2022 |
| 7. | CMC7 | Analysing design solutions | Affandi et al. 2013; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Wang and Cheng 2022 |
| 8. | CMC8 | Basic knowledge of procurement | Affandi et al. 2013, Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Wang and Cheng 2022 |
| 9. | CMC9 | Client care | Dainty et al. 2004; Affandi et al. 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Wang and Cheng 2022 |
| 10. | CMC10 | Basic knowledge of various forms of building and construction contracts | Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Wang and Cheng 2022 |
| 11. | CMC11 | Conflict avoidance and management or interpersonal understanding | Affandi et al. 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021 |
| 12. | CMC12 | Ability to set up an expediting log and procurement, submittal of log | Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021 |
| 13. | CMC13 | Basic knowledge of health and safety in construction practice | Love et al. 2001; Affandi et al. 2013; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017 |
| 14. | CMC14 | Basic understanding of construction drawing interpretation | Male et al. 2010; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Plawgo and Ertman 2021 |
| 15. | CMC15 | Contract administering and managing subcontracts | Affandi et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Mitcheltree et al. 2019 |
| 16. | CMC16 | Competency in the reviewing and selection of qualified subcontractors | Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021 |
| 17. | CMC17 | Tool and machine maintenance and quality management competency | Male et al. 2010; Affandi et al. 2013; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017 |
| 18. | CMC18 | Labour and resource management | Affandi et al. 2013; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017 |
| 19. | CMC19 | Ability to manage project variations, cash flow forecasting and monitoring | Jabar et al. 2013; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Wang and Cheng 2022 |
| 20. | CMC20 | Knowledge and understanding of project specifications | Love et al. 2001; Male et al. 2010; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021 |
| 21. | CMC21 | Ability to prepare the schedule of work and project progress and technical report | Affandi et al. 2013; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Wang and Cheng 2022 |
| 22. | CMC22 | Basic understanding of construction code and regulation | Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021 |
| 23. | CMC23 | Understand and apply construction-related software knowledge | Love et al. 2001; Abdullah et al. 2017; Mitcheltree et al. 2019 |
| 24. | CMC24 | Knowledge of sustainability in construction | Affandi et al. 2013; Jabar et al. 2013; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021 |
| 25. | CMC25 | Knowledge of project brief preparation | Jabar et al. 2013; Abdullah et al. 2017 |
| 26. | CMC26 | Computer skills – Excel, MS Office, Adobe, Internet-based, etc. | Love et al. 2001; Male et al. 2010; Benhart and Shaurette 2013; Plawgo and Ertman 2021 |
| 27. | CMC27 | Good communication | Mühlbacher et al. 2013; Rahman and Ayer 2017; Kolarić et al. 2018; Hodorog et al. 2019; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Plawgo and Ertman 2021; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021; Wang and Cheng 2022 |
Construction manager competencies variable analysis
| Descriptive statistics (variables = 27; N = 330) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coding | Mean | Std. deviation | RII | Ranking |
| CMC27 | 4.73 | 0.466 | 0.95 | 1st |
| CMC5 | 4.71 | 0.528 | 0.94 | 2nd |
| CMC23 | 4.68 | 0.615 | 0.93 | 3rd |
| CMC18 | 4.62 | 0.599 | 0.92 | 4th |
| CMC21 | 4.59 | 0.657 | 0.91 | 5th |
| CMC1 | 4.55 | 0.657 | 0.91 | 6th |
| CMC26 | 4.52 | 0.685 | 0.90 | 7th |
| CMC14 | 4.50 | 0.694 | 0.90 | 8th |
| CMC20 | 4.50 | 0.672 | 0.90 | 9th |
| CMC17 | 4.49 | 0.681 | 0.90 | 10th |
| CMC13 | 4.42 | 0.702 | 0.88 | 11th |
| CMC24 | 4.42 | 0.694 | 0.88 | 12th |
| CMC15 | 4.40 | 0.722 | 0.88 | 13th |
| CMC25 | 4.40 | 0.659 | 0.88 | 14th |
| CMC12 | 4.39 | 0.720 | 0.87 | 15th |
| CMC11 | 4.39 | 0.676 | 0.87 | 16th |
| CMC6 | 4.38 | 0.701 | 0.87 | 17th |
| CMC22 | 4.38 | 0.648 | 0.87 | 18th |
| CMC19 | 4.37 | 0.716 | 0.87 | 19th |
| CMC4 | 4.35 | 0.707 | 0.87 | 20th |
| CMC16 | 4.35 | 0.691 | 0.87 | 21st |
| CMC2 | 4.34 | 0.739 | 0.86 | 22nd |
| CMC10 | 4.33 | 0.762 | 0.86 | 23rd |
| CMC8 | 4.30 | 0.793 | 0.86 | 24th |
| CMC3 | 4.30 | 0.722 | 0.86 | 25th |
| CMC7 | 4.27 | 0.789 | 0.85 | 26th |
| CMC9 | 4.26 | 0.836 | 0.85 | 27th |
Significance level
| RII values | Significance level | |
|---|---|---|
| 0.81 ≤ RII ≤ 1.00 | High | H |
| 0.61 ≤ RII ≤ 0.80 | High-medium | H-M |
| 0.41 ≤ RII ≤ 0.60 | Medium | M |
| 0.21 ≤ RII ≤ 0.40 | Medium-low | M-L |
| 0.00 ≤ RII ≤ 0.20 | Low | L |
Core innovative skill
| S/N | Coding | Expected skills | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | CMES1 | Critical thinking and openness to feedback | Yogeshwaran et al. 2018; Hodorog et al. 2019; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Wang and Cheng 2022 |
| 2. | CMES2 | Technical problem-solving and analytical skills | Ku and Taiebat 2011; Rahman and Ayer 2017; Uhm et al. 2017; Yakami et al. 2017; Hodorog et al. 2019 |
| 3. | CMES3 | Basic modelling specification, validation, access management and control | Ku and Taiebat 2011; Bozoglu 2016; Uhm et al. 2017; Kolarić et al. 2018; Hodorog et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2020 |
| 4. | CMES4 | ICT skill | Ku and Taiebat 2011; Demirdoven and Arditi 2014b; Uhm et al. 2017; Yakami et al. 2017; Hodorog et al. 2019; Wang et al. 2020; Plawgo and Ertman 2021 |
| 5. | CMES5 | Teamwork skill | Raiola 2016; Rahman and Ayer 2017; Uhm et al. 2017; Yakami et al. 2017; Hodorog et al. 2019 |
| 6. | CMES6 | Basic understanding of the BIM process | Barison and Santos 2010; Ku and Taiebat 2011; Bozoglu 2016; Raiola 2016; Rahman and Ayer 2017; Uhm et al. 2017; Yakami et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2020 |
| 7. | CMES7 | Knowledge over the construction process | Bozoglu 2016; Raiola 2016; Uhm et al. 2017; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021 |
| 8. | CMES8 | Design coordination | Bozoglu 2016; Raiola 2016; Uhm et al. 2017; Yakami et al. 2017 |
| 9. | CMES9 | Ability to coordinate BIM | Ku and Taiebat 2011; Demirdoven and Arditi 2014b; Bozoglu 2016; Uhm et al. 2017; Kolarić et al. 2018; Wang et al. 2020 |
| 10. | CMES10 | Passion for learning new software | Demirdoven and Arditi 2014b; Bozoglu 2016; Yakami et al. 2017; Wang et al. 2020 |
| 11. | CMES11 | Experience in the use of VDC/big room method | Yakami et al. 2017; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021 |
| 12. | CMES12 | Quality and document management | Yakami et al. 2017; Mitcheltree et al. 2019; Vaz-Serra and Mitcheltree 2021 |
| 13. | CMES13 | Technical decision-making | Mühlbacher et al. 2013; Bozoglu 2016; Yakami et al. 2017; Kolarić et al. 2018 |
Guide for factor loading selection based on response rate
| S. No. | Value of factor loading | Response rate |
|---|---|---|
| 1. | 0.75 | 50–59 |
| 2. | 0.70 | 60–69 |
| 3. | 0.65 | 70–99 |
| 4. | 0.55 | 100–119 |
| 5. | 0.50 | 120–149 |
| 6. | 0.45 | 150–199 |
| 7. | 0.40 | 200–249 |
| 8. | 0.35 | 250–349 |
| 9. | 0.30 | 350 and above |
Rotated component factor loading interpretation of the 25 retained variables
| Component | Component naming | Competencies | Code | Factor loading |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Project management and planning-related component | Analysing design solutions | CMC7 | 0.659 |
| Ability for managing project variations, cash flow forecasting and monitoring | CMC19 | 0.641 | ||
| Competency in the reviewing and selection of qualified subcontractors | CMC16 | 0.596 | ||
| Basic understanding of construction code and regulation | CMC22 | 0.469 | ||
| 2 | Pre-contract planning and hazard management | Knowledge of the biding and tendering process | CMC2 | 0.708 |
| Risk management | CMC3 | 0.620 | ||
| Knowledge and understanding of project specifications | CMC20 | 0.496 | ||
| Pre-contract planning and programming | CMC4 | 0.495 | ||
| Basic knowledge of procurement | CMC8 | 0.405 | ||
| 3. | On-site construction management component | Tool and machine maintenance and quality management competency | CMC17 | 0.534 |
| Labour and resource management | CMC18 | 0.657 | ||
| Ability to prepare the schedule of work and project progress and technical report | CMC21 | 0.566 | ||
| Knowledge of sustainability in construction | CMC24 | 0.424 | ||
| 4 | Basic construction management component | Honesty and integrity | CMC5 | 0.733 |
| Site survey and analysis of construction site | CMC6 | 0.358 | ||
| Ability to set up an expediting log and procurement, submittal of log | CMC12 | 0.423 | ||
| Basic knowledge of health and safety in construction practice | CMC13 | 0.423 | ||
| Basic understanding of construction drawing interpretation | CMC14 | 0.564 | ||
| 5 | Peace-making and management-related component | Team leadership and management. | CMC1 | 0.459 |
| Client care | CMC9 | 0.640 | ||
| Basic knowledge of various forms of building and construction contracts | CMC10 | 0.468 | ||
| Conflict avoidance and management or interpersonal understanding | CMC11 | 0.593 | ||
| 6 | ICT-related component | Computer skills – Excel, MS Office, Adobe, Internet-based, etc. | CMC26 | 0.751 |
| Understanding and application of construction-related software knowledge | CMC23 | 0.550 | ||
| 7 | Communication component | Good communication | CMC27 | 0.820 |