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Renewables and Energy Efficiency: A Survey of Progress in Polish Towns Cover

Renewables and Energy Efficiency: A Survey of Progress in Polish Towns

Environmental Protection and Natural Resources
Volume 36 (2025): Issue 2 (June 2025)
By:  and    
Open Access
|Nov 2025
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Table 1.

Questions for town representatives and numerical values assigned to answers for statistical analysis

NumberQuestionAnswersPoints
RES
Q1_1Have town representatives taken part in debates and workshops regarding RES development in the last 5 years?YES/NO1/0
Q2_1Does inhabitants or NGOs demand from town representatives more active action for RES development?Demand often / Demand from time to time / No2/1/0
Q3_1Did the regional or national authorities approached town representatives regarding RES development in the last 5 years?YES/NO1/0
Q4Does the town has binding targets for RES development?YES, quantified, measurable targets/YES, declarative, not-measurable targets/NO2/1/0
Q5_1Did the town take action for RES development in the last 5 years?YES/NO1/0
Q6_1Did the town finance inhabitants initiatives for RES development in the last 5 years?YES/NO1/0
Q7_1If the town was about to establish a grant scheme for private investments of the inhabitants, what would be the target for such a scheme? Would new RES on private residential property be a priority?1–5, where 1 – this should not be supported financially by the town; 5 – it is extremely important for the town to support this financially1–5
Energy efficiency
Q1_2Have town representatives taken part in debates and workshops regarding energy efficiency (including thermal insulation and passive buildings) in the last 5 years?YES/NO1/0
Q2_2Does inhabitants or NGOs demand from town representatives more active action for energy efficiency?Demand often / Demand from time to time / No2/1/0
Q3_2Did the regional or national authorities approached town representatives regarding energy efficiency (including thermal insulation and passive buildings) in the last 5 years?YES/NO1/0
Q5_2Did the town take action for energy efficiency (including thermal insulation and passive buildings) in the last 5 years?YES/NO1/0
Q6_2Did the town finance inhabitants initiatives for thermal insulation of buildings in the last 5 years?YES/NO1/0
Q7_2If the town was about to establish a grant scheme for private investments of the inhabitants, what would be the target for such a scheme? Thermal insulation of homes?1–5, where 1 – this should not be supported financially by the town; 5 – it is extremely important for the town to support this financially1–5
Figure 1.

Does the town have specific targets for RES development? (percentage)

Figure 2.

Statistical distribution of answers to questions pertaining to RES (for question codes, see Table 1)

Figure 3.

Statistical distribution of answers to questions pertaining to energy efficiency (for question codes, see Table 1)

Table 2.

Correlations (Pearson's r values) between answers to the surveys and between answers and town characteristics for questions pertaining to renewables

xPopulationTown income per inhabitantQ1_1 Have town representatives taken part in debates and workshops regarding RES development in the last 5 years?Q2_1 Does inhabitants or NGOs demand from town representatives more active action for RES development?Q3_1 Did the regional or national authorities approached town representatives regarding RES development in the last 5 years?Q4 Does the town has binding targets for RES development?Q5_1 Did the town take action for RES development in the last 5 years?Q6_1 Did the town finance inhabitants initiatives for RES development in the last 5 years?Q7_1 If the town was about to establish a grant scheme for private investments of the inhabitants, what would be the target for such a scheme? Would new RES on private residential property be a priority?
Population1.00000.2112 *−0.04920.00240.08590.0887−0.1976 *0.12860.1085
Town income per inhabitant0.2112 *1.0000−0.3344 ***−0.1143−0.1255−0.0939−0.1672−0.02950.1837
Q1_1−0.0492−0.3344 ***1.00000.16000.4801 ***0.3055 ***0.2453 *−0.2317 *0.1632
Q2_10.0024−0.11430.16001.00000.06170.14290.05670.05570.0666
Q3_10.0859−0.12550.4801 ***0.06171.00000.2950 **0.1035−0.09790.0716
Q40.0887−0.09390.3055 ***0.14290.2950 **1.00000.2728 **0.08230.0211
Q5_1−0.1976 *−0.16720.2453 *0.05670.10350.2728 **1.00000.15490.1005
Q6_10.1286−0.0295−0.2317 *0.0557−0.09790.08230.15491.00000.0245
Q7_10.10850.18370.16320.06660.07160.02110.10050.02451.0000

* - Pearson's p<0.05;

** - Pearson's p<0.01;

*** - Pearson's p<0.001

Table 3.

Correlations (Pearson's r values <0.05) between answers to the surveys and between answers and town characteristics for questions pertaining to energy efficiency.

QuestionPopulationTown income per inhabitantQ1_2 Have town representatives taken part in debates and workshops regarding energy efficiency (including thermal insulation and passive buildings) in the last 5 years?Q2_2 Does in-habitants or NGOs demand from town representatives more active action for energy efficiency?Q3_3 Did the regional or national authorities approached town representatives regarding energy efficiency (including thermal insulation and passive buildings) in the last 5 years?Q5_2 Did the town take action for energy efficiency (including thermal insulation and passive buildings) in the last 5 years?Q6_2 Did the town finance inhabitants initiatives for thermal insulation of buildings in the last 5 years?Q7_2 If the town was about to establish a grant scheme for private investments of the inhabitants, what would be the target for such a scheme? Thermal insulation of homes?
Population1.00000.2112 *−0.0029−0.03130.0340−0.0310−0.06390.1471
Town income per inhabitant0.2112 *1.0000−0.0178−0.11630.16390.0573−0.01950.0436
Q1_2−0.0029−0.01781.00000.15470.4959 ***0.3526 ***0.01030.2912 **
Q2_2−0.0313−0.11630.15471.0000−0.1239−0.01000.16390.0555
Q3_20.03400.16390.4959 ***−0.12391.00000.5239 ***0.03280.3142 **
Q5_2−0.03100.05730.3526 ***−0.01000.5239 ***1.0000−0.06320.3087 **
Q6_2−0.0639−0.01950.01030.16390.0328−0.06321.00000.0706
Q7_20.14710.04360.2912 **0.05550.3142 **0.3087 **0.07061.0000

* - Pearson's p<0.05;

** - Pearson's p<0.01;

*** - Pearson's p<0.001

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2025-0016 | Journal eISSN: 2353-8589 | Journal ISSN: 1230-7831
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Language: English
Page range: 1 - 9
Published on: Nov 25, 2025
Published by: National Research Institute, Institute of Environmental Protection
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
#climate change mitigation,
#renewables,
#energy efficiency,
#climate policy,
#small and medium towns,
#Poland,
#local government,
#decarbonisation
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Ecology

© 2025 Bernard Swoczyna, Zbigniew Michał Karaczun, published by National Research Institute, Institute of Environmental Protection
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 36 (2025): Issue 2 (June 2025)
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