Leachability of selected compounds and elements from fly ash from co-firing and biomass combustion of different types of fluidized-bed boilers from aqueous solution, according to PN-G-11011 standard (mg/l)
| Type of pollutant | Co-firing of hard coal with biomass in a pulverized coal boiler | Biomass combustion in a fluidized-bed boiler | Biomass combustion in a fluidized-bed boiler with natural circulation | Biomass combustion in a fluidized-bed boiler with a bubbling bed |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chlorides | 150.30 | 445.60 | 1449.00 | 658.30 |
| Sulphates | 790.50 | 1436.90 | 5745.80 | 4779.70 |
| K | 223.00 | 604.00 | 9446.00 | 3161.00 |
| Na | 26.00 | 25.00 | 83.00 | 67.00 |
| As | 0.01 | · | < 0.01 | · |
| Cd | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| Cu | 0.04 | 0.45 | 0.16 | 0.20 |
| Cr | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| Hg | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 |
| Pb | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | < 0.01 | 0.34 |
| pH | 11.96 | 12.25 | 12.79 | 12.46 |
Elemental composition of ashes from coal and lignite combustion (% by weight)
| Elemental composition | Silica ash: Power plants in Kozienice and Dolna Odra | Lime ash: Power plant in Belchatow | Limestone ash: Power Plant in Pątnów |
|---|---|---|---|
| Na | 0.59 | 0.29–0.31 | 0.51 |
| Mg | 0.94 | 1.11–1.13 | 1.95 |
| Al | 15.52 | 11.30–12.80 | 8.72 |
| Si | 25.68 | 21.10–22.70 | 24.73 |
| P | 0.26 | <0.01 | 0.03 |
| S | 0.10 | 0.42–0.46 | 0.56 |
| K | 3.29 | 0.21–0.24 | 1.65 |
| Ca | 0.18 | 18.70–23.80 | 20.16 |
| Ti | 1.21 | 1.00–1.10 | 0.80 |
| Fe | 3.59 | 3.56–3.59 | 2.13 |
Concentration of microelements (including heavy metals) in ashes after coal and lignite combustion (mg/kg)
| Elements | Silica ash from hard coal – conventional boiler | Fluidized bed coal ash – fluidized bed boiler | Belchatow Power plant – lime ash | Ashes –biomass 100 % fluidized bed boilers | Ashes – co-firing 70% biomass + 30% hard coal | Ashes – co-firing 10% biomass + 90% hard coal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cd | 2.20 | < 0.50 | 3.80–4.60 | 10.70–19.10 | 4.9 | 1.30 |
| Cr | 42 | < 2 | 130–157 | 44.30–88.30 | 31.90 | 83.60 |
| Pb | 76 | 20 | 24–322 | 62.2–234 | 35.10 | 156 |
| Zn | 265 | 32 | 11–105 | 470–868 | 418 | 249 |
| Hg | · | · | · | 0.10–2.04 | 0.10 | 0.60 |
| Co | 41 | < 0.50 | 11–12 | · | · | · |
| Ni | 56 | 1 | 36–46 | 32.70–60.80 | 18.40 | 117 |
| Cu | 86 | 5 | 34–55 | 89.50–342 | 65.20 | 83.80 |
| As | · | · | · | 7.2–16.20 | 2.70 | 31.50 |
| Mn | 745 | 42 | · | · | · | · |
| V | 240 | 2 | · | · | · | · |
| Sr | 110 | 40 | · | · | · | · |
| Ba | 410 | 36 | 349–754 | · | · | · |
| Na | 84 | 1 | 15–87 | · | · | · |
| Be | 20 | < 2 | · | · | · | · |
| B | 960 | 1 | · | · | · | · |
Content of selected elements in fly ash from combustion of municipal waste in fluidized-bed boilers
| Parameter | Content (mg/kg) |
|---|---|
| Ca | 8.60–170 |
| K | 0.66–16 |
| Mg | 0.24–26 |
| Mn | > 3.20 |
| Na | 2.2–42 |
| P | 0.44–10.50 |
| As | 0.12–19.00 |
| Ba | 69–57.00 |
| Cd | 3–70 |
| Cu | 232–250.00 |
| Cr | 20–34000 |
| Mo | 2.50–28.00 |
| Ni | 7–43.00 |
| Pb | 74–1.56 |
| Se | 0.05–10 |
| Sn | 2–47.00 |
| Ti | < 0.01–0.23 |
| V | 16–12.00 |
| Zn | 10–20.00 |
| Hg | < 0.01–0.12 |
Natural radioactivity coefficients for coal-combustion fly ash
| Element | Belchatow power plant – lignite coal | Żerań power plant – hard coal | Siekierki CHP plant – hard coal | Dolna Odra power plant – hard coal |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Bq/kg) | ||||
| 40K | · | · | · | 787–1045 |
| 226Ra | · | · | · | 102–149 |
| 228Ra | · | · | · | 104 |
| 224Ra | · | · | · | 104 |
| 228Th | · | · | · | 60–112 |
| F2** | 69.60–136 | 101.03 | 162.35 | 102–149 |
| (-) | ||||
| F1** | 0.43–0.85 | 0.89 | 1.09 | 0.82–1.11 |
Contents of selected compounds and elements in waste from waste gas treatment, fly ash and boiler dust removal ash from municipal waste incineration process
| Parameter | Waste from waste gas cleaning 19 01 07* | Fly ash 19 01 13* | Dust from boiler dust removal 19 01 15* |
|---|---|---|---|
| CaSO4 [% d.m.] | 6.16–14.13 | 9.82–23.82 | 10.11–28.54 |
| CaCO3 [% d.m.] | 3.89–10.96 | 4.07–8.77 | 2.05–5.10 |
| CaCl2 [% d.m.] | 11.31–14.87 | · | · |
| CaO [% d.m.] | 16.70–36.70 | 13.80–20.80 | 11.90–16.10 |
| NaCl [% d.m.] | 4.73–12.15 | 0.74–4.58 | 1.99–3.51 |
| KCl [% d.m.] | 4.46–6.52 | 1.60–4.86 | 2.52–3.95 |
| SiO2 [% d.m.] | 2.97–9.25 | 20.60–49.30 | 28.20–44.90 |
| HCl (undissolved) [% d.m.] | 0.63–3.47 | 5.34–10.57 | 4.41–5.98 |
| Sb [mg/kg d.m.] | 226–386 | 125–294 | 250–279 |
| As [mg/kg d.m.] | 6.80–16.40 | 5.74–8.71 | 8.57–11.80 |
| Pb [mg/kg d.m.] | 993–2250 | 121–571 | 408–637 |
| Cd [mg/kg, d.m.] | 85–223 | 13.00–34.60 | 35.30–48.50 |
| Co [mg/kg d.m.] | 4.27–9.66 | 25.80–49.70 | 22.50–29.70 |
| Cu [mg/kg d.m.] | 293–523 | 301–425 | 271–533 |
| Ni [mg/kg d.m.] | 12.80–28.60 | 53–244 | 45.40–67.50 |
| Hg [mg/kg d.m.] | 6–24 | · | · |
| Zn [mg/kg d.m.] | 4.60–11.60 | 3.58–6.36 | 4.58–7.72 |
| pH (eluate) | 12.20–12.30 | 12.30–12.50 | 12.00–12.60 |
Contents of natural radioactive isotopes in ashes from municipal sewage sludge incineration
| Type of ash | Isotopes | 40K | 226Ra | 228Th (228Ra) | F1 | F2 | Specific activity 226Ra + 228Ra |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sample No. | [Bq/kg] | [Bq/kg] | [Bq/kg] | [-] | [Bq/kg] | [Bq/kg] | |
| Fly ash | 1 | 388 ± 20 | 52 ± 3 | 26 ± 2 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 52 ± 3 | 78 ± 4 |
| 2 | 512 ± 27 | 76 ± 4 | 32 ± 3 | 0.58 ± 0.02 | 76 ± 4 | 108 ± 5 | |
| 3 | 410 ± 25 | 94 ± 6 | 34 ± 2 | 0.62 ± 0.02 | 94 ± 6 | 190 ± 8 | |
| Waste from flue gas cleaning | 4 | 175 ± 11 | 26 ± 2 | 12 ± 2 | 0.21 ± 0.01 | 26 ± 2 | 38 ± 3 |
| 5 | 152 ± 11 | 42 ± 3 | 13 ± 2 | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 42 ± 3 | 83 ± 4 |
Content of selected components of fly ash by type of fuel used and type of combustion
| Fly ash | Bottom ash | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fuel and type of combustion | Hard coal | Lignite | Co-firing of hard coal with biomass (10%–40%) | 100% biomass (Wood and forest biomass) | 100% biomass (80% forest biomass + 20% agricultural biomass) | Ash after flue gas desulphurization – Rybnik Power Plant and Ciech Thermal Power Plant | Combustion of municipal waste | Co-firing of coal and biomass | Combustion of municipal waste | ||||||
| Element | Source | Boiler | Fluidized bed boiler | Dust boiler | Conventional boiler | Fluidized bed boiler | Dust boiler | Dust boiler | Fluidized bed boiler | Fluidized bed boiler | · | Fluidized bed boiler | Fluidized bed boiler | Fluidized bed boiler | |
| S | 0.14–0.31 | 0.30–3.34 | 0.25 | 0.36–1.76 | 1.52–0.32 | 0.15–3.30 | 0.16–0.87 | 1.08–2.33 | 2.84–4.00 | 1.67–8.64 | 1.12–5.56 | 0.12–4.50 | 0.04–1.96 | ||
| P | 0.12–0.23 | · | 0.13–0.18 | 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.010–0.013 | ≥ 0.013 | 0.00–0.43 | – | 0.14 | 0.22–0.46 | – | 0.24–0.96 | ||
| K | 0.49–1.80 | 0.66–0.86 | 0.26–2.35 | 0.4–1.18 | 0.26–0.58 | 0.05–0.29 | 0.7–1.87 | 1.54–10.1 | 5.69–7.51 | 1.07 | 0.81–1.60 | 0.52–0.64 | 0.42–1.25 | ||
| Ca | 1.44–3.79 | 3.03–14.10 | 0.46–5.15 | 1.98–21.78 | 11.39–14.28 | 0.22–22.26 | 1.56–5.24 | 1.5–22.63 | 15.09–16.46 | 10.25–26.18 | 10.14–25.28 | 0.72–13.14 | 8.57–16.50 | ||
| Mg | 0.43–1.20 | 1.19–1.89 | 0.86–1.01 | 0.44–1.45 | 0.94–1.08 | 0.12–1.22 | 0.81–1.72 | 1.08–3.35 | 3.40–4.11 | 1.18 | 0.98–1.87 | 0.66–1.40 | 1.21–2.59 | ||
| Na | 0.19–0.47 | 0.27–0.59 | 0.13–0.52 | 0.07–0.86 | 0.39–0.61 | 0.06–0.94 | 0.38–0.47 | 0.14–0.36 | 0.12–0.22 | 0.22 | · | 0.18–0.29 | · | ||
| Cl | 0.002 | 0.12 | 0.16 | 0.008–0.01 | 0.025–0.03 | > 0.01 | 0.003 | 1.06–1.19 | · | · | 0.93–8.1 | · | 0.1–5.9 | ||
| Ti | 0.68–0.88 | 0.45–0.55 | 0.47–2.05 | 0.98 | 1.02–2.30 | 0.12–0.48 | 0.75 | 0.18 | · | 0.49 | 0.65–1.34 | · | 0.54–1.4 | ||
| Ba | 0.05–0.12 | · | · | 0.03 | · | · | · | · | · | 0.13 | 0.09–0.20 | · | · | ||
| Sr | 0.08–0.12 | · | · | 0.07 | · | · | · | 0.03 | · | 0.05 | 0.04–0.06 | · | · | ||
| Cr | 0.01–0.013 | · | · | · | · | · | · | · | · | · | · | · | · | ||
| Source | [Różycka et al. 2008], [Borowski 2010], [Ostrowski 2011], [Kosiar-Kazberuk et al. 2011], [Jóźwiak-Niedźwiecka et al. 2012], [Uliasz-Bocheńczyk et al. 2015], [Czarna-Juszkiewicz et al. 2018], [Cader et al. 2018] | [Różycka et al. 2008], [Łaskawiec et al. 2010], [Borowski et al. 2010], [Gawlicki 2014], [Uliasz-Bocheńczyk et al. 2015] | Haustein et al. 2012], [Kasprzyk et al. 2017], [Tkaczewska et al. 2019] | [Dąbrowska et al. 2014], [Cader et al. 2018] | [Sybilski et al. 2004], [Ostrowski 2011], [Jóźwiak-Niedźwiecka 2012], [Kledyński et al. 2016] | [Ostrowski 2011], [Garbacik et al. 2013], [Kasprzyk et al. 2017], [Hycnar et al. 2017] | [Kosior-Kazberuk 2011], [Giergiczny et al. 2012], [Haustein et al. 2012], [Poluszyńska et al. 2015], [Uliasz-Bocheńczyk et al. 2016] | [Rajczyk et al. 2013], [Poluszyńska 2013], [Uliasz-Bocheńczyk et al. 2015], [Poluszyńska et al. 2015], [Dróżdż et al. 2023] | [Uliasz-Bocheńczyk et al. 2016] | [Sybilski et al. 2004], [Plaskacz-Dziuba et al. 2014] | [Nakano et al. 2007], [Czop 2020] | [Kasprzyk et al. 2017] | [Nakano et al. 2007] | ||
Leachability of elements from bottom sludge from co-firing of biomass and hard coal (%)
| Leachability from aqueous extract (%) | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sb | Ba | Be | Cr | Zn | Cd | Co | Mn | Cu | Mo | Ni | Pb | Sr | TI | V | Hg | Cr+6 |
| - | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.5 | - | 0.0 | 0.2 | 69.0 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 16.4 | - | 1.7 | - | - |
Contents of heavy metals in ashes from sewage sludge combustion depending on temperature and combustion time
| No. of repetition | Cr [mg/kg d.m.] | Zn [mg/kg d.m.] | Cu [mg/kg d.m.] | Cd [mg/kg d.m.] | Ni [mg/kg d.m.] | Pb [mg/kg d.m.] | Combustion temp. (°C) | Burning time (min.) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| S1 | 174.80 | 2755.23 | 553.51 | 1.09 | 53.76 | 170.28 | 600 | 11 |
| S2 | 70.48 | 1430.76 | 351.79 | 0.81 | 38.40 | 0.32 | 980 | 11 |
| S3 | 105.33 | 2479.30 | 383.80 | 0.90 | 42.22 | 108.82 | 655.60 | 4.60 |
| S4 | 103.24 | 2730.79 | 433.90 | - | 52.47 | 93.83 | 790 | 20 |
| S5 | 166.92 | 3091.66 | 462.88 | 0.70 | 57.27 | 156.01 | 655.60 | 17.40 |
| S6 | 96.00 | 1620.01 | 314.94 | 0.06 | 46.59 | 0.25 | 924.40 | 17.40 |
| S7 | 97.97 | 2542.87 | 388.93 | 0.18 | 47.88 | 87.37 | 790 | 11 |
| S7-bis | 106.32 | 2616.96 | 387.36 | 0.16 | 51.68 | 97.65 | 790 | 11 |
| S8 | 84.24 | 2844.42 | 401.13 | - | 54.22 | 75.55 | 790 | 2 |
| S9 | 53.66 | 1398.53 | 326.37 | - | 40.25 | - | 924.40 | 4.60 |
Trace elements in fly ash from the combustion of selected hard and brown coals (mg/kg d_m_)
| Element | Burning hard coal without flue gas desulphurization | Coal combustion with flue gas desulphurization | Coal combustion lignite without flue gas desulphurization |
|---|---|---|---|
| Be | 7–21 | 5–16 | < 2–4 |
| Sc | 18.30–18.31 | 19.90–26.10 | 16–19.10 |
| V | 129–459 | 183–270 | 130–194 |
| Cr | 87–230 | 131–170 | 130–157 |
| Co | 21–74 | 28–67 | 11–12 |
| Ni | 45–273 | 69–202 | 36–46 |
| Cu | 70–167 | 82–213 | 34–55 |
| Zn | 16–507 | 190–752 | 105–111 |
| Na | 2–120 | 15–95 | 16–85 |
| Se | < 3–43 | < 3–7 | 8–21 |
| Br | 7–21 | 9–28 | 5.1–7 |
| Rb | 120–176 | 71–139 | < 15– < 20 |
| Sr | 543–1214 | 438–1183 | 662–728 |
| Y | 46–84 | 35–77 | 44–76 |
| Zr | 162–196 | 108–147 | 191 |
| Mo | < 5–20 | < 5–9 | 4–13 |
| Ag | < 0.40–1.70 | < 0.40–1.70 | 0.50–1 |
| Cd | < 0.50–2.70 | 1.20–3.70 | 3.80–4.60 |
| Sb | 4.20–14 | 5.40–22 | 1.10–1.70 |
| Cs | 13–27.30 | 15.90–20.70 | 3.30–4.00 |
| Ba | 927–1600 | 879–1600 | 349–754 |
| La | 51.1–70 | 42.7–61 | 63–95.80 |
| Ce | 110–141 | 90–118 | 120–172 |
| Nd | 40–54 | 39–54 | 120–172 |
| Sm | 9.10–12.10 | 7.50–10.40 | 10–15 |
| Eu | 2–2.70 | 1.60–2.20 | 2.20–2.70 |
| Tb | 1.40–1.80 | 1.10–1.50 | < 0.50–2.20 |
| Yb | 4.20–6.10 | 3.30–4.90 | 4.90–5.50 |
| Lu | 0.60–0.80 | 0.30–0.70 | 0.70–0.80 |
| Hf | 4.50–6 | 3.40–8 | 5–5.30 |
| Ta | < 0.50–2 | < 1–6 | < 0.50– < 1 |
| W | < 3–9 | < 1–7 | < 3 |
| Hg | < 1 | < 1 | < 1 |
| Pb | 43–507 | 36–108 | 34–322 |
| Bi | < 5–8 | < 5–6 | < 5 |
| Th | 20–25.10 | 15–22 | 17.20–26 |
| U | 7.60–13.70 | 5.70–10.90 | 8.40–13.80 |
| Ir (ppb) | < 5 | < 5 | < 5 |
| Au (ppb) | < 5–28 | 4–10 | 5–10 |