Potentially Harmful Elements Content in Soil and Stream Sediments in Southwestern Districts of Katowice (Southern Poland) – Geochemical Record of Historical Industrial Plants’ Activity

Weronika Nadłonek; Anna Pasieczna; Sylwia Skreczko

doi:10.2478/oszn-2023-0021

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Potentially Harmful Elements Content in Soil and Stream Sediments in Southwestern Districts of Katowice (Southern Poland) – Geochemical Record of Historical Industrial Plants’ Activity

Environmental Protection and Natural Resources

Volume 34 (2023): Issue 4 (December 2023)

By: Weronika Nadłonek, Anna Pasieczna and Sylwia Skreczko

Open Access

|Dec 2023

Figures & Tables

The sampling area: A. Poland’s location in Europe; B. Sampling locations

Geological map accordi ng to Detailed geological map of Poland 1:50,000 Zabrze sheet [Wyczółkowski 1957]

Location of zinc smelter “Victor” an d “Ida” ironworks [according to Degenhardt, 1870]

Table 1.

Consensus-Based TEC and PEC values according to MacDonald et al. (2000)

	As	Cd	Cr	Cu	Hg	Ni	Pb	Zn
TEC	9.79	0.99	43.4	31.6	0.18	22.7	35.8	121
PEC	33.0	4.98	111	149	1.06	48.6	128	459

Table 2.

Statistical parameters of chemical element content in soils (n= 271)

Element/parameter	Detection limit	Min	Max	Median	Mean	*^Regional geochemical background (median)**	St. dev.	Coefficient of variation CV %
Ag mg/kg	1	<1	5.2	0.5	0.5	<1	0.3	62
As mg/kg	3	<3	303.6	6.6	11.0	6	23.7	213
Ba mg/kg	1	10.0	1,045.4	134.0	175.9	59	150.6	86
Cd mg/kg	0.5	<0.5	78.0	2.0	3.5	2	6.8	193
Co mg/kg	1	<1	25.2	3.3	4.6	2	4.3	94
Cr mg/kg	1	<1	109.1	12.8	15.2	8	11.3	75
Cu mg/kg	1	1.6	279.1	19.6	27.2	9	29.5	109
Fe %	0.01	0.04	4.44	0.98	1.12	0.69	0.75	67
Hg mg/kg	0.02	0.03	4.49	0.08	0.12	0.05	0.28	229
Mn mg/kg	2	4.4	3,505.8	355.2	441.5	242	435.4	99
Ni mg/kg	1	<1	52.2	9.2	12.0	6	9.6	80
Pb mg/kg	2	7.5	2,485.2	95.9	161.9	72	236.8	146
S %	0.003	0.003	0.792	0.033	0.042	0.022	0.055	131
Sr mg/kg	1	1.2	287.7	20.0	31.3	9	35.5	113 4
Zn mg/kg	1	10.3	11,026.1	264.5	442.5	164	908.2	205
pH		4.3	8.8	7.2	6.8	6.74	1.2	18

* According to the Detailed Geochemical Map of Upper Silesia, 1999–2021 (27,941 samples) [Palacz et al. 2021]. Explanations: Min = minimum, Max = maximum, and St. dev. = standard deviation

Contamination factor (CF) values in soil (n=271)

Table 3.

Principal Component Analysis (Varimax raw factor model) for topsoils; marked loads >0.7

Element	Topsoil
Element	F1	F2	F3	F4
Ag, As, Cd, Pb, Zn	Co, Cr, Fe, Mn	Ba, Sr	Hg
Ag	0.88	−0.04	0.10	0.16
As	0.95	0.11	0.07	−0.06
Ba	0.26	0.23	0.80	0.21
Cd	0.83	0.13	0.19	0.21
Co	0.08	0.87	0.09	0.06
Cr	0.04	0.70	0.35	−0.01
Cu	0.31	0.23	0.64	−0.19
Fe	0.24	0.74	0.51	−0.03
Hg	0.11	0.10	0.09	0.84
Mn	0.14	0.79	−0.03	0.07
Ni	0.19	0.68	0.55	0.06
Pb	0.90	0.17	0.15	0.15
S	0.67	0.17	0.21	−0.33
Sr	0.10	0.13	0.89	0.01
Zn	0.84	0.16	0.18	−0.16
Variance %	31.07	20.97	17.90	6.82
Cumulative %	76.76

Table 4.

Statistical parameters of chemical element content in stream sediments (n= 58)

Element	Detection limit	Min	Max	Median	Mean	*^Regional geochemical background (median)**	St. dev.	Coefficient of variation CV %
Ag mg/kg	1	<1	3	<1	<1	<1	<1	84
As mg/kg	3	<3	99	11.5	19.4	8.0	20.9	108
Ba mg/kg	1	20	427	124	136	97	91	67
Cd mg/kg	0.5	<0.5	202	7	19	4	35	183
Co mg/kg	1	<1	84	5	9	5	13	144
Cr mg/kg	1	3	452	18	26	12	58	219
Cu mg/kg	1	5	205	35	46	18	41	89
Fe %	0.01	0.10	18.85	1.28	1.83	1.33	2.54	139
Hg mg/kg	0.05	<0.05	6.04	0.09	0.31	0.09	0.84	275
Mn mg/kg	2	17	7,561	365	724	300	1,103	152
Ni mg/kg	1	3	152	14	22	12	24	110
Pb mg/kg	2	13	847	128	179	83	157	88
S %	0.003	0.029	5.143	0.222	0.465	0.161	0.797	172
Sr mg/kg	1	3	332	22	34	26	46	137
Zn mg/kg	1	69	9,614	815	1,546	447	1,950	126

* According to the Detailed Geochemical Map of Upper Silesia, 1999–2021 (5,769 samples) [Palacz et al., 2021]. Explanations: Min = minimum, Max = maximum, and St. dev. = standard deviation

Geoaccumulation index values in stream sediments

Threshold effect concentration (TEC) in stream sediments

Probable effect concentration (PEC) in stream sediments

Table 5.

Principal Component Analysis (Varimax raw factor model) in stream sediments; marked loads >0.7

Element	Stream sediments
Element	F1	F2	F3	F4
Cr, Mn	Ag, As, Cd, Pb, Zn	Co, Ni, S	Fe
Ag	−0.03	0.85	−0.04	−0.13
As	0.01	0.72	−0.02	0.60
Ba	0.69	0.02	−0.29	−0.01
Cd	0.00	0.85	0.12	0.02
Co	0.11	−0.02	0.95	0.07
Cr	0.91	0.05	0.04	0.06
Cu	0.69	0.32	0.46	−0.10
Fe	0.09	0.12	0.22	0.79
Hg	−0.10	0.25	−0.04	−0.51
Mn	0.85	−0.08	0.22	0.13
Ni	0.17	0.11	0.94	0.07
Pb	0.35	0.75	0.24	0.23
S	−0.06	0.26	0.89	0.08
Sr	0.44	0.23	0.47	−0.15
Zn	0.04	0.90	0.26	0.00
Variance %	19.22	24.41	22.24	9.20
Cumulative %	75.07

Content of arsenic in topsoil and stream sediments

Content of cadmium in topsoil and stream sediments

Content of zinc in topsoil and stream sediments

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0021 | Journal eISSN: 2353-8589 | Journal ISSN: 1230-7831

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Language: English

Page range: 154 - 173

Published on: Dec 31, 2023

Published by: National Research Institute, Institute of Environmental Protection

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

environment pollution,

Katowice City (Southern Poland),

potentially harmful elements (PHEs),

contamination factor (CF),

geoaccumulation index (Igeo),

threshold effect concentration (TEC),

probable effect concentration (PEC)

Related subjects:

Life sciences,

Ecology

© 2023 Weronika Nadłonek, Anna Pasieczna, Sylwia Skreczko, published by National Research Institute, Institute of Environmental Protection
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 34 (2023): Issue 4 (December 2023)

Potentially Harmful Elements Content in Soil and Stream Sediments in Southwestern Districts of Katowice (Southern Poland) – Geochemical Record of Historical Industrial Plants’ Activity

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

Table 1.

Table 2.

Figure 4.

Figure 5.

Table 3.

Table 4.

Figure 6.

Figure 7.

Figure 8.

Table 5.

Figure 9.

Figure 10.

Figure 11.

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