Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
Ecologically preferred types of drive systems for city buses—the context of the Polish energy mix Cover

Ecologically preferred types of drive systems for city buses—the context of the Polish energy mix

Environmental Protection and Natural Resources
Volume 34 (2023): Issue 4 (December 2023)
By:  and    
Open Access
|Dec 2023
Figures & tables

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Subsequent steps of the methodology

Table 1.

CO2 emission factor for Poland in the period 2014–2020 [kg/kWh]

20142015201620172018201920202021
0.8250.7980.7810.7780.7650.7190.6980.708

[i] Source: KOBiZE, CO2, SO2, NOx, CO, and TSP emission indicators for electric energy.

Table 2.

Projected CO2 emission factors in Poland in the period 2021–2030 [kg/kWh]

202220232024202520262027202820292030
0.6800.6620.6440.6260.6080.5900.5720.5540.536

[i] Source: own calculations

Table 3.

Emission factors for NOx, SO2, TSP in 2021 [kg/kWh]

SO2NOxTSP
0.5050.5050.022

[i] Source: KOBiZE, Emission factors for CO2, SO2, NOx, CO, and TSP for electricity

Table 4.

Pollutant emissions for different types of urban buses operating in Poland in 2020 [g/km]

Bus typesNMVOCNOXPM2.5PM10SO2CO23
Urbino 12 Diesel0.08441.05780.10990.220701031
Urbino 12 Hybrid0.06330.79330.10990.22070873
Urbino 12 Hybrid plug-in0.06330.90960.10990.22580.1168904
Urbino 12 Electric00.73230.08140.14540.73231076
Urbino 12 Hydrogen02.27250.08140.21252.27253341
Urbino 12 CNG0.09884.02180.10990.22070985

[i] Source: own calculations

Figure 2.

External costs for different types of urban buses operating in Poland in 2021 [PLN/km]

Figure 3.

Shares of external costs due to individual pollutants in the total external cost for different vehicles

Table 5.

Sensitivity analysis for the CO2 emission factors

electricON
0.692
electricplug-in hybrid
0.582
electrichybrid
0.562
plug-in hybridhybrid
0.454
hydrogenON
0.146
hydrogenhybrid
0.104
hydrogenplug-in hybrid
0.086
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2023-0015 | Journal eISSN: 2353-8589 | Journal ISSN: 1230-7831
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 1 - 10
Published on: Dec 31, 2023
Published by: National Research Institute, Institute of Environmental Protection
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Keywords:
emissions,
urban buses,
electric,
hydrogen,
CNG,
methodology,
energy mix
Related subjects:
Life sciences,
Ecology

© 2023 Anna Dubel, Mariusz Trela, published by National Research Institute, Institute of Environmental Protection
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 License.

Volume 34 (2023): Issue 4 (December 2023)
Next article