Figure 1.
![Comparison of ICE and electric motors (BEVs and FCEVs) [Stępień 2021]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64726ab0215d2f6c89dc731c/j_oszn-2023-0013_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKBIEER2XZ%2F20260222%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260222T044910Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEO%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQDgj7HYiKGyGNVjpodPpBxOiFjpaQHC0sOSGNnfJTOjIwIhAKIvBhGB8PP9OJqC63ApeBBIaj7KH7W8xlyyVa9Z%2B1n3KsUFCLj%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgyN8mRYGQHuNODbSJEqmQUKQoW4inPfiH6hO2OVCWVLpWPsXamHfLeKLxJT7aBGKI%2BIjdPyfBjkS1A0N0Di8thRQi44kq7WTs4pOgUG74HQ8ClfhwX0Aga3X1pMk3fr7tNbato5aSi8i%2Bh4Bepn8v6sAW16Dm60aQpgxzA1WUlzHK%2FjN2G71zDnA05sCXhATn3e%2FSd0LgMPFXMm1PvJgvNooiAQTVZp4ZnRlNx7U5tWE2QjE6rw%2BoftGeCShcg%2BJQvF8cJlX8a0nHUq1bvwpJFlRGmHcI%2Bqqc3fkSNdsvE%2BIrPKMZ3mtrRZDur2pYA749IuGtxBGcTQEcZ8oaY1KkMeEIYspox6f%2BRyO5RKW8PAhVDeTxqXizluoE%2BImCy0oQa1VHctt5ME6o7u%2Ff7abtvZQbYywzMKkiLmKfQjeBXvkpW39dcinP%2B7B26tElpDUzGLA0T73Y0g%2FXvexOC%2F7ytDOCbtpqz1Py8Up%2FNACf%2FqJZz3WxUsigBijwT29HcSdqDbTzBzWVx4l1j6Kzz8jOPMvKCpaC006E1%2Fu8H6N5NCFQgMrvVBdZSfiGEk1cT8ZFqajltDKF8POpzKAQUC7P2V15f7dPC%2Bu8sL0A%2BEIIlRSyRKSEE6xmheF6slpRu7pCO%2BLvK2q3YPhG%2F2mFcP6KwO2Gxp7xQ9ZmDTJLeMqVOR4POkHmYgsy1R3dJMLmJPcej9xowNJQQV2Y7KrDAfXfbwjkVzAcRWI51jfLCjXd5q8bkuJ3%2BcW3iMJ8mmkqYs6%2FoH6eUB7RG1NH2gGmU2tQu3Np8p%2BOTFb3sf2vG3RJsZn2U7%2BeIoT%2BAuM5BkaIGRwR%2BYwX6sKCO9RfzNQG50yj2Fb4P%2B9JEm2cuESJcAgk8ldBtsmwZ4ZOvE5fLga3OAJrOol2YtAxngDTDi7%2BjMBjqwAWuVm%2FjoHcMXivscVrJoaemE4b%2FH7ZMG02fQI8cYegAWS9dQJGfN%2F05zxm2BezlWkG3GJWOqRoiPVgTVSI9zp6n%2BCUB52X3o4J9RbRbMpaLG4%2FpDkwbLy3UoAXABT7tshjJzdURLVhUyTWqTMKMWmm%2FBF9hDMT5LUZiK9LSyRWOYa0otlHpPrB6DO5s5vebfo7Dk3R28x7jw2lMSmqaTQJBqMPXdJYcWKCtRreKmJ0oq&X-Amz-Signature=c4b2823c7fad0b89ff63ab3088a0cbc7af564f2f15110c63554e9aa84b85087a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Hydrogen properties compared with gasoline, diesel and methane [Ciniviz et al_ 2012, Stępień et al_ 2021, Stępień 2021]
| Property | Hydrogen | Methane | Gasoline | Diesel |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formula | H2 | CH4 | C8H18 | C8H20 |
| Carbon content (mass%) | 0 | 75 | 84 | 86 |
| Lower (net) heating value (MJ/kg) | 119.9 | 45.8 | 43.9 | 42.5 |
| Density (at 1 bar & 273K; kg/m3) | 0.089 | 0.72 | 730–780 | 830 |
| Volumetric energy content (at 1 bar & 273K; MJ/m3) | 10.7 | 33.0 | 33×103 | 35×103 |
| Molecular weight [g/mol] | 2.016 | 16.043 | ~110 | ~170 |
| Boiling point (K) | 20 | 111 | 298–488 | 453–633 |
| Auto-ignition temperature (K) | 853 | 813 | ~623 | ~523 |
| Minimum ignition energy (MJ) | 0.017 | 0.30 | 0.29 | - |
| Stechiometric Air/FurlRatio (kg) | 34.3 | 17.2 | 14.6 | 14.5 |
| Quenching distance (at 1 bar & 298 K at stoichiometry; mm) | 0.64 | 2.1 | ~2 | - |
| Laminar flame speed in air (at 1 bar & 298 K at stoichiometry; m/s) | 1.85 | 0.38 | 0.37–0.43 | 0.37–0.43 |
| Diffusion coefficient in air (at 1 bar & 273 K; m2/s) | 8.5×10−6 | 1.9×10−6 | - | - |
| Combustible Range (%) | 4–75 | 5–15 | 1.3–7.1 | 0.6–5.5 |
| Adiabatic flame temperature (at 1 bar & 298 K at stoichiometry; K) | 2480 | 2214 | 2580 | ~2300 |
| Octane number (R+M)/2 | 130+ | 120+ | 86–94 | - |
| Cetane number | - | - | 13–17 | 40–55 |