Figure 1.
![Comparison of ICE and electric motors (BEVs and FCEVs) [Stępień 2021]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/64726ab0215d2f6c89dc731c/j_oszn-2023-0013_fig_001.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKO6YCVHHE%2F20251216%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251216T104342Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEJj%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJGMEQCICruNkCfF5tY0aMM%2F0hVCTY0SEqRF3iFuoEg%2B4QGESkLAiAnbBvdinJUCw3eT0%2FkAMbOsxGjAzSekkOk%2FtLax2is5yq8BQhhEAIaDDk2MzEzNDI4OTk0MCIMr9VV%2BuLbmTFQ1J41KpkF3XwbWBRF6KRDXcsIA4rAcnS8RrwlnGLJtXJBDSFFLzkl5seKL4owe5aIY5rb2CWatRRGbyyOmwZ6T5j8kem8g%2BtTK9eZgs%2FI56B6mskxcEeycx%2Fe2yCpDciyuVpRFDwOxd3dimeUjYZv6az9%2B2SsxIySJaM716jJDEHUtfaJmRnDJrIryqssUidSnodDjLYPotHROtGg7c9Peac%2F%2Bo73zfCZWWQuiCBjHv1rXFCxNjhq3mUiPGJqpn%2BG8sYJHysmINK2F3zKeZj8WgkdIBxpd%2BB1SDxar6NbBgReKYwnu%2Bg9jg4Zaumm6%2FzTZxYxG4Z%2Fnnc1ucGmoqHMw9T2mHT5PNeCdH8%2FQKrq9szwnG%2FLQuh15YMrjDd6Fq2qo%2FQsKEy8mRjctEGuQR2RLR0JTbNLLzw6oxJIrSfvhCUBLrs43RmDnCut11wdmyDQ2GRwVBF3NUnOuKpszZddNQTDWwfo6D7dYTqPx0b56rqbWDCj0Wi2EreHLdZstwC9iGMR%2FUqAu2d0LuYwPFd5VJvuDKhas0p5PS8wuvnw78hgzDSMRHJHiZdvLJZWxbE5v%2FfP05Xp0BsE6mbx7%2BxWgXc9sCHhL%2Be%2BqxdxIgN6UzuHltI%2FTlsY9HonbYoU2oxwWFNf7vOkKlkeICW0ue0whpNV7CXx8gpnDPJxeWcKfJchM5L6jCPGx7xwHX3zg%2FcSKEwewoOMIrD3gw0y7Ajk8qoL81eQCcVyP0jkAHLlGp3U%2BmNwBBOLqYhKcou0Zsk1n3MsWf6FdD%2BqpYyfX5XA0Zosv1yHXknedoltpbr8mU1XztsXJVWoQ8Y4Txsys1a4A%2FCgbl%2FRDKq9HxLPTVhr0%2Belboztw3L2eMg59zkM5i1lnPM4IoWZkpt3UxQsz%2FAwrp2EygY6sgFvHyhmZveYEETxwSMLw7lirMIC5MbM2B31w5ta9CPzXdHeHYmFtBDjGN6F%2FkIWNvWWRV5XHMv7CVkyNiDfyiRXj0Bv4ThzQmvSxEh4%2B5gqYDMPDEc6tPpMx7NTRKe76j9QKVd30XJhhQw8dhfHT6HfdDCwwsOrH5Xrcc2vx%2B7klJGNxbIBW8mDZJJjMFJ4AFu7dBrkbEFgiHsFNbzqyuYZKc5S5ShW0uynkPP868vPg5te&X-Amz-Signature=d556b06f998762b31f7805e083536a7f987e59606e9cb9ef095e037d4af6f91c&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Hydrogen properties compared with gasoline, diesel and methane [Ciniviz et al_ 2012, Stępień et al_ 2021, Stępień 2021]
| Property | Hydrogen | Methane | Gasoline | Diesel |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Formula | H2 | CH4 | C8H18 | C8H20 |
| Carbon content (mass%) | 0 | 75 | 84 | 86 |
| Lower (net) heating value (MJ/kg) | 119.9 | 45.8 | 43.9 | 42.5 |
| Density (at 1 bar & 273K; kg/m3) | 0.089 | 0.72 | 730–780 | 830 |
| Volumetric energy content (at 1 bar & 273K; MJ/m3) | 10.7 | 33.0 | 33×103 | 35×103 |
| Molecular weight [g/mol] | 2.016 | 16.043 | ~110 | ~170 |
| Boiling point (K) | 20 | 111 | 298–488 | 453–633 |
| Auto-ignition temperature (K) | 853 | 813 | ~623 | ~523 |
| Minimum ignition energy (MJ) | 0.017 | 0.30 | 0.29 | - |
| Stechiometric Air/FurlRatio (kg) | 34.3 | 17.2 | 14.6 | 14.5 |
| Quenching distance (at 1 bar & 298 K at stoichiometry; mm) | 0.64 | 2.1 | ~2 | - |
| Laminar flame speed in air (at 1 bar & 298 K at stoichiometry; m/s) | 1.85 | 0.38 | 0.37–0.43 | 0.37–0.43 |
| Diffusion coefficient in air (at 1 bar & 273 K; m2/s) | 8.5×10−6 | 1.9×10−6 | - | - |
| Combustible Range (%) | 4–75 | 5–15 | 1.3–7.1 | 0.6–5.5 |
| Adiabatic flame temperature (at 1 bar & 298 K at stoichiometry; K) | 2480 | 2214 | 2580 | ~2300 |
| Octane number (R+M)/2 | 130+ | 120+ | 86–94 | - |
| Cetane number | - | - | 13–17 | 40–55 |