Numerical simulation of the wave-induced Stokes drift effect on sea surface temperature in the North Pacific Cover

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Numerical simulation of the wave-induced Stokes drift effect on sea surface temperature in the North Pacific

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

Volume 48 (2019): Issue 4 (December 2019)

By: Jingdong Liu, Jian Shi and Wenjing Zhang

Open Access

|Dec 2019

Figures & Tables

Geographical location of the North Pacific

Annual averaged significant wave height

Differences between WAVEWATCH III-simulated results and the ECMWF product

Locations of the North Pacific NDBC buoys and TAO buoys

Distribution of the surface Stokes drift velocity

Comparison of the surface Stokes drift velocities and HYCOM velocities and parameter b (the red curve shows the change in the monthly averaged sea surface Stokes drift velocity with latitude; the black curve shows the change in monthly averaged HYCOM surface ocean velocity with latitude; the blue curve represents the change in the velocity ratio b with latitude)

Distribution of Stokes transport

Ekman-Stokes number variation curve (the curve shows the variation in the latitudinal average Ekman-Stokes number with latitude)

Es varies with wind speed and latitude (the black curve shows the zonal average at 15°N with wind speed; the red curve shows the zonal average at 30°N with wind speed; the green curve indicates the zonal average at 45°N with wind speed; the blue curve indicates the zonal average at 60°N with wind speed)

Langmuir number

Stokes drift influence depth

Differences between SST values simulated without the Stokes drift and OISST data

Optimal value α

Differences between SST values simulated with the Stokes drift and OISST data

Comparison of simulated and buoy-measured temperature profiles

Simulated results of different Stokes drift parameterization schemes

The number of buoy values (N)

buoy	N	buoy	N	buoy	N
51000	8745	46006	8734	TAO1	8756
51003	8747	46070	8740	TAO2	8755
51004	8750	46071	8741	TAO3	8753
52200	8738	51101	8736	TAO4	8751
46001	8735	21413	8739	TAO5	8754
46002	8742	21419	8740	TAO6	8755
46072	8730	52404	8733	TAO7	8753
46075	8743	52401	8739
46005	8737	52402	8736

Comparison of simulated SST and buoy SST

buoy	No Stokes drift			Stokes drift
	RMSD (°C)	R	SS	RMSD (°C)	R	SS
51000	0.90	0.77	0.73	0.82	0.78	0.74
51003	0.89	0.80	0.77	0.83	0.83	0.81
51004	1.25	0.84	0.79	1.12	0.85	0.80
52200	1.46	0.84	0.82	1.25	0.85	0.83
46001	1.23	0.87	0.86	1.13	0.88	0.88
46002	1.10	0.82	0.78	0.91	0.85	0.82
46072	1.24	0.94	0.88	1.01	0.94	0.90
46075	1.41	0.88	0.85	1.13	0.88	0.87
46005	2.06	0.97	0.95	1.87	0.97	0.96
46006	1.43	0.86	0.81	1.28	0.86	0.85
46070	0.77	0.87	0.82	0.60	0.89	0.83
46071	0.53	0.93	0.89	0.52	0.94	0.93
51101	0.81	0.91	0.86	0.80	0.93	0.89
21413	1.22	0.88	0.83	0.99	0.89	0.84
21419	1.16	0.78	0.77	1.09	0.80	0.78
52404	0.99	0.87	0.85	0.83	0.88	0.88
52401	1.07	0.79	0.77	0.90	0.80	0.77
52402	0.97	0.79	0.74	0.96	0.82	0.76
TAO1	0.65	0.91	0.87	0.52	0.92	0.89
TAO2	0.74	0.87	0.84	0.58	0.88	0.84
TAO3	0.82	0.83	0.78	0.78	0.84	0.80
TAO4	1.12	0.85	0.80	1.02	0.85	0.81
TAO5	1.14	0.90	0.81	0.99	0.94	0.83
TAO6	0.92	0.81	0.92	0.85	0.84	0.95
TAO7	1.21	0.87	0.82	1.03	0.88	0.82
Average	1.08	0.86	0.82	0.95	0.87	0.84

Comparison of simulated values and buoy values

buoy	ME (cm)	RMSD (cm)	R	SS
51000	−13.64	21.69	0.84	0.83
51003	−11.11	17.32	0.89	0.84
51004	−9.71	14.39	0.92	0.86
52200	1.03	7.52	0.95	0.91
46001	−3.53	15.38	0.94	0.88
46002	−3.59	20.22	0.88	0.81
46072	12.18	32.19	0.90	0.71
46075	−7.01	12.79	0.93	0.89
46005	−1.39	18.37	0.91	0.80
46006	−6.87	23.52	0.89	0.68
46070	−9.63	18.85	0.91	0.82
46071	3.75	19.33	0.88	0.77
51101	−8.29	21.03	0.93	0.87
21413	−5.63	15.98	0.88	0.84
21419	−10.65	20.81	0.93	0.91
52404	−7.23	23.06	0.85	0.75
52401	−2.00	9.67	0.95	0.90
52402	−3.68	23.52	0.92	0.86

RMSD of experiments E-1, E-2, E-3, and E-4 (°C)

Buoy	E-1	E-2	E-3	E-4
51000	0.82	0.86	0.85	0.85
51003	0.83	0.85	0.87	0.83
51004	1.12	1.22	1.24	1.19
52200	1.25	1.35	1.33	1.32
46001	1.13	1.21	1.20	1.15
46002	0.91	1.04	1.02	0.93
46072	1.01	1.19	1.17	1.12
46075	1.13	1.18	1.15	1.20
46005	1.87	1.82	1.80	1.75
46006	1.28	1.39	1.35	1.34
46070	0.60	0.78	0.77	0.65
46071	0.52	0.61	0.64	0.58
51101	0.80	0.90	0.89	0.83
21413	0.99	1.13	1.11	1.08
21419	1.09	1.17	1.16	1.13
52404	0.83	1.03	1.01	0.98
52401	0.90	1.13	1.12	1.10
52402	0.96	1.11	1.09	1.04
TAO1	0.52	0.64	0.62	0.55
TAO2	0.58	0.69	0.67	0.70
TAO3	0.78	0.90	0.88	0.87
TAO4	1.02	1.20	1.19	1.16
TAO5	0.99	1.10	1.09	1.04
TAO6	0.85	0.96	0.95	0.92
TAO7	1.03	1.15	1.14	1.14
Average	0.95	1.06	1.05	1.02

Comparison of simulated subsurface temperature and buoy data

buoy	No Stokes drift			Stokes drift
	RMSD (°C)	R	SS	RMSD (°C)	R	SS
51000	0.65	0.83	0.72	0.88	0.84	0.81
51003	1.38	0.86	0.80	0.93	0.83	0.77
51004	0.94	0.96	0.83	0.92	0.92	0.92
52200	0.53	0.78	0.80	0.51	0.84	0.85
46001	1.77	0.84	0.76	1.93	0.80	0.79
46002	0.86	0.91	0.91	0.84	0.85	0.87
46072	1.67	0.83	0.87	1.55	0.83	0.85
46075	2.11	0.85	0.80	1.43	0.79	0.86
46005	0.91	0.84	0.74	1.27	0.92	0.83
46006	0.73	0.92	0.83	0.93	0.88	0.85
46070	0.94	0.93	0.94	1.69	0.85	0.78
46071	0.82	0.86	0.84	0.95	0.90	0.86
51101	0.98	0.85	0.87	0.84	0.84	0.91
21413	0.77	0.78	0.91	0.87	0.87	0.87
21419	0.74	0.91	0.88	0.82	0.88	0.90
52404	1.26	0.88	0.83	1.25	0.89	0.78
52401	1.64	0.78	0.81	0.97	0.79	0.81
52402	0.77	0.87	0.93	0.95	0.77	0.89
TAO1	1.74	0.82	0.82	1.34	0.85	0.86
TAO2	0.52	0.95	0.85	0.75	0.86	0.89
TAO3	1.09	0.82	0.87	0.89	0.91	0.91
TAO4	0.66	0.86	0.93	0.69	0.85	0.88
TAO5	0.92	0.90	0.87	0.90	0.86	0.85
TAO6	1.37	0.83	0.78	1.13	0.84	0.81
TAO7	0.81	0.93	0.84	1.03	0.83	0.87
Average	1.06	0.86	0.84	1.05	0.85	0.85

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/ohs-2019-0034 | Journal eISSN: 1897-3191 | Journal ISSN: 1730-413X

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Language: English

Page range: 381 - 403

Submitted on: Jan 6, 2019

Accepted on: May 7, 2019

Published on: Dec 10, 2019

Published by: University of Gdańsk

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

Keywords:

parameterization scheme,

sea surface temperature,

Related subjects:

Chemistry, other,

Geosciences, other,

Life sciences, other

© 2019 Jingdong Liu, Jian Shi, Wenjing Zhang, published by University of Gdańsk
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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