Fig. 1.
List of articles focusing on the development of the dosimeter
| Dosimeter | Beam | Shape | Dose range | Reader | Uncertainty | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TLD-doped silica fibers | Gamma | Fiber with a cylinder shape with a diameter of 8.5 μm for core and 125 μm for cladding | Up to 20 Gy | Harshaw 3500 TL reader | N/A | [14, 28] |
| Radiochromic film containing poly(hexa-2,4-diynylene adipate) | Gamma | 1 cm × 1 cm size sheets; thickness 0.037 ± 0.004 mm | 0.5–65 kGy | UV–Vis’s spectrophotometer (the measurement wavelength is 520 nm) | 5.5% (2σ) | [33] |
| Inorganic phosphor particles, NaYF4:Yb3+ and Er3+ | Low-energy (80/140/200 keV) electron beam | Liquid spray (1.6 μm thickness) | 5–30 kGy | The luminescence decay time of the phosphor was recorded via the photocurrent of a silicon photodiode (Osram SFH2200) equipped with a 980 nm band-pass filter (BrightLine 980/10) | 15% (2σ) | [30, 31] |
| Silica optical fiber scintillators | Electron beam (1 MeV) | Fiber with a cylinder shape with a diameter of 600 μm for core and 630 μm for cladding | 10–70 kGy | Hamamatsu C10082Ca spectrometer (luminescence spectra wavelengths from 200 nm to 800 nm) | N/A | [29] |
| PVA films with different concentrations of MTB dye | Gamma | Liquid stored in 3 ml glass ampoules | 2.5–20 kGy (for film) and 0.1–1.2 kGy (for solution) | UV–Vis spectrophotometry (Shimadzu, Japan); the wave-length ranges from 350 nm to 700 nm | N/A | [32] |
| High-density polyethylene (A4009) | Gamma; electron beam (2.5 MeV) | 30 mm × 20 mm × 28 μm | 25–1000 kGy | NICOLET Magna IR-750 spectrometer | N/A | [35] |
| Fructose | Gamma | 0.5 g of clip plastic | 0.05–30 kGy | MiniScope MS5000 EPR spectrometer | N/A | [34] |
| High-density polyethylene | Gamma; electron beam (2.5 MeV) | 30 mm × 4 mm × 28 μm | 5–193 kGy (for gamma); 5–300 kGy (for electron) | Bruker ER 200D spectrometer | N/A | [36] |
Studies related to theoretical methods for processing radiation
| Year | Calculation method | Physical parameter | Object | Author | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2006 | Multipole moment | Flux | Co-60 pencils | Loussaief A. | [86] |
| 2007 | Multipole moment | Dose | Co-60 pencils | Loussaief A. | [87] |
| 2016 | Haar Wavelet Numerical method | Flux | Co-60 pencils | Belkadhi K. | [89] |
| 2017 | Haar Wavelet Numerical method | Flux | Irradiated products with different densities | Belkadhi K. | [15] |
| 2017 | Multipole moment | Flux | Co-60 pencils | Rezaeian P. | [88] |
| 2020 | TOPSIS | Dose | Irradiated product (box) | Singh M. | [90] |
| 2023 | Voronoi diagram | Dose | Irradiated product (box) | Singh M. | [10] |
A list of articles focusing on MC simulation studies related to radiation processing facilities and food irradiation modeling
| Type | Object | Beam | MC code | Parameters | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Modeling of radiation processing facilities | USA, JS-7500 MDS Nordion (first category, dry storage) | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX | Dose profile | 2021 | [61] |
| Tunisia, C-188 MDS Nordion France (second category, dry storage) | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX | Isodose curve | 2021 | [54] | |
| Malaysia, Gamma cell (first category, dry storage) | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX | Dose profile | 2021 | [61] | |
| Food irradiation modeling | Melon (USA) | Electron beam 1.35 MeV and 10 MeV | MCNP-5 | Dose distribution, depth-dose curve | 2010 | [67] |
| Egg (USA) | 10 MeV (high-energy) and 1.35 MeV (low-energy) for electron beams, 5 MeV for X-rays, and 1.25 MeV for gamma rays | MCNP-5 | Dose distribution, depth-dose curve | 2011 | [71] | |
| Pineapple (USA) | 2 MeV (low-energy) and 10 MeV (high-energy) for electron beams, 1.25 MeV for gamma rays, and 5 MeV for X-rays | MCNP-5 | Dose distribution, depth-dose curve | 2013 | [72] | |
| Mangosteen (USA) | Electron beam (high-energy) and 1.35 MeV (low energy); 5 MeV for X-rays; and 1.25 MeV for Co-60 gamma rays | MCNP-5 | Dose distribution, depth-dose curve | 2014 | [77] | |
| Mangoes (USA) | 1.25 MeV from a Co-60 source | MCNP-5 | Dose distribution, depth-dose curve | 2015 | [73] | |
| Potatoes, onion (India) | 2 MeV, 5 MeV, and 10 MeV electron beams | MCNPX2.6 | Dose distribution, depth-dose curve | 2018 | [78] | |
| Pine (USA) | 10 MeV electron beam and 1.25 MeV gamma rays | MCNP-5 | Dose distribution, depth-dose curve | 2019 | [74] | |
| Egg (Japan) | 80-kV electron beam | PHITS | Surface and inside dose | 2023 | [79] | |
| Apple (Iran) | Electron beam = 500 keV; X-ray = 200 kV | Geant4 | Dose distribution, depth-dose curve | 2023 | [58] |
A list of articles focusing on the development of measurement methods
| Dosimeter type | Key results | Method | Beam | Year | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| EBT3 Gafchromic film | Extending the sensitivity of the EBT3 film to high doses up to 100 Gy while ensuring low-dose uncertainty | An optical setup involving a broadband light source, a fiber optic probe working in reflection configuration, and a spectrometer was used to detect changes in the spectral response of several EBT3 films | 250 kV X-rays and 1 MeV electron beam | 2020 | [37] |
| Alanine | Determine a scaling factor to convert a dose determination using alanine based on Co-60 calibration to give the dose delivered in a high-energy electron beam | This study combines the alanine dose results of experimental and simulation studies | ≥6 MeV electron beam | 2020 | [41] |
| PMMA | Introducing a new dosimetry method called Z-scan to optimize the PMMA dosimeter | The Z-scan system was used to measure the non-linear optical properties of the PMMA dosimeter. A He-Cd laser beam (442 nm, 150 mW) was used for this system | Gamma | 2021 | [40] |
| Alanine | A correction factor that can be used for alanine to measure the kilovoltage is X-rays | Combined experimental and MC simulation codes for measuring the dose at several X-rays beam quality | 20–180 keV X-rays | 2022 | [38] |
| Alanine | A model to calculate the relative efficiency of alanine pellets in low-energy X-ray beams | A microdosimetric one-hit detector model was used to characterize the detector’s intrinsic efficiency. Geant4-DNA MC simulations estimated microdosimetric distributions, with literature data providing the free model parameters | Low (40–170 kV) and medium X-rays (100–300 kV) | 2022 | [45] |
| B3 film | Understanding the effect of heating the B3 film dosimeter on performance | DSC was used to analyze the thermal properties of B3 radiochromic dosimetry films. The glass transition temperature (Tg) and decomposition behavior of irradiated and non-irradiated films were studied | Low-energy electron beam (200 kV) | 2022 | [42] |
| Gafchromic MD-V3 and HD-V2 films | Understanding the effect of temperature on dose measurement during irradiation | Gafchromic MD-V3 and HD-V2 were irradiated at various temperatures, and their optical density | Gamma | 2022 | [43] |
A list of MC modeling for irradiation facilities
| Country/irradiator type | Year | Irradiator categories | Beam | Software MC | Parameters | Experiments | Agreement MC/EXP | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Iran, IR-136 irradiator | 2002 | IV. Wet storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNP | Isodose curve, absorbed dose, and dose rate | PMMA, Fricke, ECB, potassium dichromate dosimeter | 2.0–6.0% | [96] |
| 2002 | IV. Wet storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNP | Absorbed dose | PMMA, Fricke, ECB, potassium dichromate dosimeter | 2.0–6.0% | [97] | |
| Iran, Gamma Cell | 1993 | I. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | EGS4 | Dose rate, flux | Fricke | <5.0% | [98] |
| 2017 | I. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNP | Flux distribution | PMMA | Good agreement | [88] | |
| USA, JS-7500 MDS Nordion | 2003 | IV wet storage | Co-60, Gamma | ITS/ACCEPT MC Code | Absorbed dose | FWT-60 | 2.0–5.0% | [99] |
| Portugal, UTR GAMA-Pi | 2000 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNP 4B2 | Dose rate | Amber perspex and cericaceous dosimeters | Max. deviation = 1.08% | [100] |
| 2000 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNP | Flux, Air Kerma Rate | Ion chamber | Max. deviation 12%, avg. MC/EXP = 0.968 | [101] | |
| 2007 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX | Dose rate | Fricke | Avg. MC/EXP = 0.947 and 1.102, respectively | [102] | |
| 2008 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX, PENELOPE | Isodose curve and dose rate | Fricke | Deviation 2.0–3.0% | [53] | |
| 2010 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX | Dose rate (per second) | Ion chamber and PMMA dosimeter | Good agreement | [103] | |
| Tunisia, C-188 MDS Nord | 2005 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | Geant4 | Dose rate and isodose curve | Red Perspex, Gamma-chrome PMMA | Avg. deviation of 6.0% (>6.0% for 6 data points) | [104] |
| 2005 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | Geant4 | Isodose curve and dose uniformity | Red Perspex, Gamma-chrome PMMA | Avg. deviation of 5.0% | [105] | |
| 2007 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | Geant4 | Dose, dose rate, transit dose | Red Perspex, Gamma-chrome PMMA | Good agreement | [81] | |
| 2017 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | Geant4 | Absorbed dose, dose rate, dose uniformity, and isodose curve | PMMA | <3.0% | [106] | |
| South Korea, C-188 MDS Nord | 2008 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX | Dose rate | Ion chamber and MOSFET dosimeter | Max. deviation = 3.0% | [107] |
| South Korea, EB Tech | 2023 | N/A | 2.5 MeV electron beam | MCNP 6.2 | Relative dose | CTA film dosimeter | Good agreement | [108] |
| UK, JS-7500 MDS Nordion | 2009 | Wet storage | Co-60, Gamma | EGSnrc | Dose rate | Ion chamber and alanine | Max. deviation 2.0% (IC) and 4.0% (alanine) | [55] |
| Vietnam/SVST-Co60 B VINAGAMA | 2010 | IV. Wet storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNP-4C | Absorbed dose, dose rate, and dose uniformity | ECB | Max. deviation = 6.0% | [50] |
| Vietnam | 2021 | N/A | UERL-10-15S2 linear accelerator | MCNP4c | Relative depth dose | B3 WINdose | <6.0% | [64] |
| Syria | 2013 | Wet storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNP-4C | Dose rate | ECB | 4.0–7.0% | [109] |
| Bangladesh | 2018 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX 2.7 | Absorbed dose and dose rate | Fricke and cerebral | Max. deviation 12% | [110] |
| Brazil, GB-127 MDS Nordion | 2017 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX | Dose rate and isodose curve | Fricke | Max. deviation = 8.03% | [111] |
| 2017 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX 2.6 | Absorbed dose, dose rate, isodose curve | Fricke | Max. deviation = 9.0% | [112] | |
| 2019 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX 2.9 | Absorbed dose, dose rate, isodose curve | Fricke | Max. deviation 21% | [113] | |
| Malaysia, Gamma cell | 2017 | I. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNP | Dose rate and spectrum | TLD (silica fiber dosimeter) | Max. deviation 6.7% | [14] |
| Croatia | 2019 | I. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | Geant4 | Dose rate, transit dose | Ion chamber | 5.0–8.0% (Avg. 6.0%) | [70] |
| 2024 | I. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | PHITS | Dose rate | Ion chamber: ECB | Max. deviation = 5.0% | [8] | |
| Morocco, Co-60 | 2020 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX | Dose rate and isodose curve | Alanine | Max. deviation 7.3% | [114] |
| 2020 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX | Dose rate and isodose curve | Alanine | Max. deviation = 9.0% | [115] | |
| 2020 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX | Dose rate | Fricke | Max. deviation = 9.0% | [60] | |
| 2021 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | MCNPX | Dose rate | Alanine | Max. deviation = 9.0% | [62] | |
| 2023 | II. Dry storage | Co-60, Gamma | Geant4 | Transit dose | Fricke | Max. deviation = 9.0% | [82] | |
| France | 2022 | N/A | X-ray | MCNPX 2.7, RayXpert | Dose rate, isodose curve, dose-uniformity ratio, spectrum | Alanine | 2.4% and 4.1% | [46] |
A list of MC modeling for another irradiated object
| Year | Object | Software MC | Parameters | Experiments | Agreement MC/EXP | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2021, 2023 | Egg | PHITS | Dose and dose distribution | RCD, FWT60-180, Far West Technology | Good agreement | [79, 116] |
| 2021 | Cables | MCNP 6.2 | Energy deposition (MeV/g) | CTA film dosimeter | Good agreement | [66] |
| 2024 | Aluminum, ethafoam, wood, polystyrene | PUFFin | Depth-dose distribution | CTA, B3-layer film; FWT-60, full-length | Good agreement | [57] |