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Spectroscopic techniques in the investigation of extraordinary medieval Polish coins: Revealing the presence of hidden cores Cover

Spectroscopic techniques in the investigation of extraordinary medieval Polish coins: Revealing the presence of hidden cores

Open Access
|Feb 2025

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Photo of cross denars: the top image represents coin A and the bottom image represents coin B. In both cases, there is the obverse on the left side of the figure, and the reverse on the right side.
Photo of cross denars: the top image represents coin A and the bottom image represents coin B. In both cases, there is the obverse on the left side of the figure, and the reverse on the right side.

Fig. 2.

Microscopic photo (magnification: (a) 50×, (b) 100×, and (c) 50×) of coin A (cross-section).
Microscopic photo (magnification: (a) 50×, (b) 100×, and (c) 50×) of coin A (cross-section).

Fig. 3.

ED-XRF spectra of the surfaces of the cross denars coins A and B.
ED-XRF spectra of the surfaces of the cross denars coins A and B.

Fig. 4.

SEM image obtained with SE of coin B.
SEM image obtained with SE of coin B.

Fig. 5.

Image of coin A obtained in SEM with back-scattered electrons.
Image of coin A obtained in SEM with back-scattered electrons.

Fig. 6.

Comparison of elemental composition of early medieval coins.
Comparison of elemental composition of early medieval coins.

Fig. 7.

Elemental maps of Cu, Zn, and Ag obtained with the μ-PIXE technique on both samples of cross dinars. Red empty squares represent areas of detailed analysis.
Elemental maps of Cu, Zn, and Ag obtained with the μ-PIXE technique on both samples of cross dinars. Red empty squares represent areas of detailed analysis.

Results obtained from different analytical techniques performed on coin A (surface and cross-section)

Analytical techniqueAg (%)Cu (%)Zn (%)
ED-XRF (surface)94.632.772.59
μ-XRF Layer 164.6929.915.41
μ-XRF Layer 253.1531.9014.95
μ-XRF Layer 373.8120.375.82
SEM-EDS (surface)94.253.202.55
SEM-EDS (cross-section) Point 192.064.133.29
SEM-EDS (cross-section) Point 291.693.984.33
SEM-EDS (cross-section) Point 38.2377.4013.57
SEM-EDS (cross-section) Point 411.1088.90<LLD
SEM-EDS (cross-section) Point 58.4275.1416.43
SEM-EDS (cross-section) Point 632.9153.1610.95
SEM-EDS average40.7450.458.10
μ-PIXE (cross-section) Area 142.8846.6810.44
μ-PIXE (cross-section) Area 252.4146.022.57
μ-PIXE (cross-section) Area 367.3329.942.73

Results obtained from different analytical techniques performed on coin B

Analytical techniqueAg (%)Cu (%)Zn (%)
ED-XRF (surface)96.233.070.71
SEM-EDS (surface)97.972.03<LLD
XRF (surface)90.275.853.88
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/nuka-2025-0003 | Journal eISSN: 1508-5791 | Journal ISSN: 0029-5922
Language: English
Page range: 19 - 27
Submitted on: Jul 3, 2024
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Accepted on: Nov 21, 2024
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Published on: Feb 18, 2025
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Krystian Trela, Aneta Maria Gójska, Ewelina A. Miśta-Jakubowska, Mitja Kelemen, Žiga Šmit, Adam Kędzierski, Aldona Garbacz-Klempka, published by Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.