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Fig. 6
Representative nuclides in single-nuclide reference radiation field
| Nuclides | 60Co | 132Te | 137Cs | 131I | 133Xe |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Half-life | 5.27 a | 76.80 h | 30.07 a | 8.02 d | 5.25 d |
| Gamma energy (keV) | 1173.24, 1332.50 | 228.16 | 661.66 | 364.49 | 81.00 |
Mass fraction percentage of main components of air and soil
| Air | ||||
| C | N | O | Ar | |
| 0.02 | 75.50 | 23.20 | 1.28 | |
| Soil | ||||
| H | O | Al | Si | Fe |
| 6.67 | 48.33 | 18.00 | 22.50 | 4.50 |
Detector located at different locations of the dose CF
| Central place | Car (μGy/s) | Air (μGy/s) | CF | Error |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 97.5, 160, 160 | 7.0442 × 10−3 | 7.8729 × 10−3 | 0.8947 | 0.8813 + 0.015 |
| 97.5, 195, 160 | 7.0905 × 10−3 | 7.9737 × 10−3 | 0.8892 | 0.8813 + 0.009 |
| 97.5, 230, 160 | 7.0965 × 10−3 | 8.1073 × 10−3 | 0.8753 | 0.8813 − 0.007 |
| 47.5, 240, 160 | 7.0088 × 10−3 | 8.0049 × 10−3 | 0.8756 | 0.8813 − 0.006 |
| 147.5, 240, 160 | 7.0541 × 10−3 | 8.0180 × 10−3 | 0.8798 | 0.8813 − 0.002 |
| 97.5, 265, 160 | 7.1126 × 10−3 | 8.1010 × 10−3 | 0.8780 | 0.8813 − 0.004 |
| 97.5, 300, 160 | 6.8867 × 10−3 | 7.8778 × 10−3 | 0.8742 | 0.8813 − 0.008 |
| 97.5, 335, 160 | 7.1724 × 10−3 | 8.2174 × 10−3 | 0.8728 | 0.8813 − 0.010 |
| 47.5, 370, 160 | 7.0047 × 10−3 | 7.9291 × 10−3 | 0.8834 | 0.8813 + 0.002 |
| 97.5, 370, 160 | 6.9351 × 10−3 | 7.8866 × 10−3 | 0.8794 | 0.8813 − 0.002 |
| 147.5, 370, 160 | 7.2050 × 10−3 | 8.1576 × 10−3 | 0.8832 | 0.8813 + 0.002 |
| 97.5, 405, 160 | 6.9543 × 10−3 | 7.8149 × 10−3 | 0.8899 | 0.8813 + 0.010 |
Environmental background composition of the reference radiation field
| Distribution | Aerosol | Soil | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nuclides | 7Be | 40K | 137Cs | 210Pb | 137Cs | 226Ra |
| Energy (keV) | 477.61 | 1460.83 | 661.66 | 46.54 | 661.66 | 186.21 |
| Background (Bq) | 5.66 × 101 | 2.36 × 100 | 1.37 × 10−2 | 2.84 × 101 | 3.91 × 105 | 2.98 × 104 |
Nuclide composition of the reference radiation field in the soil of middle and late stages of a nuclear accident
| Nuclides | 89Sr | 131I | 134Cs | 136Cs | 137Cs | 238Pu | 241Am |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (keV) | 583.00 | 364.49 | 604.72 | 818.50 | 661.66 | 42.49 | 59.54 |
| Concentration (Bq/kg) | 1.31 × 102 | 3.44 × 104 | 8.63 × 104 | 1.11 × 103 | 8.53 × 104 | 2.40 × 10−3 | 1.21 × 10−3 |
| Activity (Bq) | 6.17 × 105 | 1.62 × 108 | 4.06 × 108 | 5.30 × 106 | 4.02 × 108 | 1.13 × 101 | 3.17 × 104 |
Dose rates measured at the height of 1 m above the ground and at the car roof of single-nuclide radiation field (μGy/s)
| Nuclides | Energy (keV) | Car (μGy/s) | Air (μGy/s) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 133Xe | 81.00 | 2.5149 × 10−5 | 2.8241 × 10−5 |
| 132Te | 228.16 | 6.8513 × 10−4 | 7.8970 × 10−4 |
| 131I | 364.49 | 2.4188 × 10−3 | 2.7888 × 10−3 |
| 137Cs | 661.66 | 7.0965 × 10−3 | 8.1073 × 10−3 |
| 60Co | 1173.24, 1332.50 | 1.5559 × 10−2 | 1.7436 × 10−2 |
Dose CF of mid-late mixed-nuclide reference radiation field
| Time (d) | 1 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 11 | 13 | 20 | 40 | 60 | 80 | 100 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CF | 0.669 | 0.669 | 0.670 | 0.670 | 0.670 | 0.671 | 0.671 | 0.672 | 0.672 | 0.672 | 0.672 | 0.673 |
Detailed information of the structure and materials of each component in the generalized model of vehicle-borne environmental radiation measurement equipment
| Structure | Material | Component | Density (g/cm3) | Thickness (cm) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vehicle chassis | Alloy steel | 3.45% C, 96.55% Fe | 7.85 | 10.00 |
| Vehicle tires | Rubber | 11.84% H, 88.16% C | 0.92 | – |
| Carriage | Aluminium skin | 100% Al | 2.70 | 0.12 |
| Polyurethane foam | 54.4% C, 12.1% N, 33.5% O | 0.04 | – | |
| Glass | 46.0% O, 33.6% Si, 10.7% Ca, 9.7% Na | 2.40 | 1.00 | |
| Aluminium alloy | 97.43% Al, 1.55% C, 1.02% Cu | 2.80 | 3.76 | |
| Detector crystal | Sodium iodide | 15.34% Na, 84.66% I | 3.67 | – |
| Magnesium oxide | 39.7% O, 60.3% Mg | 2.58 | 0.05 | |
| Aluminium | 100% Al | 2.70 | 0.20 | |
| Silicon dioxide | 53.2% Si, 46.8% O | 2.32 | 0.20 |
Dose CF of single-nuclide reference radiation field
| Nuclides | 133Xe | 132Te | 131I | 137Cs | 60Co |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CF | 0.8905 | 0.8676 | 0.8673 | 0.8753 | 0.8923 |
Dose CF of early mixed-nuclide reference radiation field
| Time (h) | 0 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 14 | 16 | 18 | 20 | 22 | 24 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CF | 0.883 | 0.883 | 0.883 | 0.884 | 0.884 | 0.884 | 0.884 | 0.884 | 0.884 | 0.884 | 0.884 | 0.883 | 0.883 |
Nuclide composition of the reference radiation field in the air of early stages of a nuclear accident
| Nuclides | 106Ru | 129Te | 131I | 132Te | 132I | 133I | 134Cs | 136Cs | 137Cs | 144Ce |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy (keV) | 511.85 | 459.60 | 364.49 | 228.16 | 667.72 | 529.87 | 604.72 | 818.50 | 661.66 | 696.51 |
| Concentration (Bq/m3) | 1.24 × 102 | 1.30 × 103 | 3.23 × 103 | 3.22 × 102 | 1.23 × 103 | 3.80 × 101 | 3.55 × 101 | 5.00 × 100 | 3.75 × 101 | 5.00 × 103 |
| Activity (Bq) | 7.79 × 105 | 8.16 × 106 | 2.53 × 107 | 2.02 × 106 | 9.26 × 106 | 2.39 × 105 | 3.99 × 105 | 3.17 × 104 | 4.26 × 105 | 3.14 × 107 |