Heterogeneity in Effective Tax Rate Trends: Evidence from Finnish Corporate Tax Returns

In this paper, we describe the evolution of effective tax rates (ETR) of Finnish corporate groups and firms over time. Using detailed corporate tax return data from 2000–2015, we document a decreasing trend in effective tax rates over time, particularly for Finnish-headquartered multinational enterprises. We do not observe a significant decreasing trend for domestic firms, consistent with a broad tax base and limited means of tax avoidance. Complementing our results with unconditional quantile regression, we also observe heterogeneity in the time trend across the ETR distribution. Finally, we link multinational enterprises to their foreign subsidiaries and find that multinationals with tax haven subsidiaries report zero taxable profits more often than non-haven affiliated ones.