| criticism | Blaming the elite (from any sector) as a group in general for problems and grievances that the people suffer. This category applies when elites are held responsible for anything undesirable from the people’s perspective. | 0.93 | 0.93 |
| Questioning the legitimacy of the decision-making power exercised by the elite and asking for direct democracy (e.g., referenda; “A change of government can’t be a Tory stitch-up, the people must decide!”) |
| Calling for resistance against the elite call for resistance against the ideas/ideology of the establishment |
| Accusing the elite of betraying the people or acting against the people’s interest, accusing the elite of being corrupt, (e.g., “The media are the enemy of the people”, “The media are dishonest, and journalists are liars”) |
| people | References to “We, the people” included | 0.90 | 0.90 |
| danger11 | Ethnic or cultural “others” are addressed (e.g., “Islam is not part of Germany”, “Gypsies don’t belong here”, “The foreigners are stealing our women”). | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| danger12 | Political “others” (holding allegedly dangerous opinions/ideologies) are addressed (e.g., “The Greens are a danger for our future”, “The President is selling our country”, “Feminism wants to put an end to our traditions”). | 0.85 | 0.86 |
| extr_peace | (Anti-)Militarism. Belief or ideology that emphasizes the importance of military power, strength, and preparedness, often glorifying war and the military as essential elements of a society or state. In some cases there is a thin line between arguing for and against militarism (e.g., arms supplies to Ukraine). In such cases, this category is to be coded as present. | 0.98 | 0.98 |
| extr_mig | Anti-immigration. Xenophobia, the scarcity of welfare, illegal immigration, immigration as an economic burden. | NaN | 1.00 |
| extr_borders | Against open borders within Europe. The post argues that national borders should and/or will be reestablished within the EU. Arguments for national borders are brought forward. | NaN | 1.00 |
| extr_market | Against competitive market and/or against globalization. Arguments are brought forward that the competitive social market economy as proposed by the EU is to be abolished. European regulations such as the free movement of workers, uniform product standards or tax rules are rejected in the post. Alternatives, like planned economy or more libertarian unregulated forms of markets, could be proposed in posts. | NaN | 1.00 |
| anti-euro | Positioning against the euro | NaN | 1.00 |
| extr_envir | Anti-environmentalism. Denial of environmental problems, resistance to environmental regulations, criticizing environmental activism, skepticism of environmental science, lack of environmental awareness. | NaN | 1.00 |
| extr_science | Countering academic freedom. Actions or policies that restrict or undermine the principles of academic freedom and the pursuit of scientific inquiry. This can take various forms, such as government censorship, systematically not funding research in certain areas, suppression of research findings, intimidation of scientists, or interference with the dissemination of knowledge. | NaN | 1.00 |
| extr_age | Ageism. Ageism is discrimination or prejudice against individuals or groups based on their age, typically directed towards older adults. It can manifest in various ways, such as assumptions about abilities, stereotypes, or discriminatory practices in employment, healthcare, and social interactions. | NaN | 1.00 |
| extr_culture | Attacking or arguing against cultural and linguistic diversity. | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| extr_fem | Anti-feminism. Male supremacy ideologies, advocating for the subjugation of women, men possessing women, men are higher in the social hierarchy than women, hostility for modern liberal feminism. | 0.99 | 0.99 |
| extr_lgbtq | Anti-LGBTQ+-Equality. Arguing against equality between hetero- and “cis”- people and lesbian, gay, bi, trans, queer… people. | 0.99 | 0.99 |
