Aalberg, T., Papathanassopoulos, S., Soroka, S., Curran, J., Hayashi, K., Iyengar, S., Jones, P. K., Mazzoleni, G., Rojas, H., Rowe, D., & Tiffen, R. (2013). International TV news, foreign affairs interest and public knowledge. Journalism Studies, 14(3), 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2013.765636
Accurat, & Google News Lab. (2016, November 8). World potus. Retrieved November 23, 2017 from http://www.worldpotus.com/#/clinton/candidates/countries/drops/outside-usa/
Aljebreen, A., Meng, W., & Dragut, E. (2021, May 18). Segmentation of tweets with urls and its applications to sentiment analysis. Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, 35(14), 12480–12488. https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i14.17480
Andersen, J., & Jerijervi, D. R. (2020, November 26). Norske medier skriver over 200 saker om Trump i døgnet [Norwegian media write over 200 articles about Trump a day]. Kampanje. https://kampanje.com/medier/2020/11/norske-medier-skriver-over-200-saker-om-trump-i-dognet
Arendt, F., Northup, T., & Camaj, L. (2019). Selective exposure and news media brands: Implicit and explicit attitudes as predictors of news choice. Media Psychology, 22(3), 526–543. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2017.1338963
Bakshy, E., Messing, S., & Adamic, L. A. (2015). Exposure to ideologically diverse news and opinion on Facebook. Science, 348(6239), 1130–1132. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa1160
Benkler, Y., Faris, R., & Roberts, H. (2018). Network propaganda: Manipulation, disinformation, and radicalization in American politics. Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/network-propaganda-9780190923624
Bhagat, S., & Kim, D. J. (2022). Examining users’ news sharing behaviour on social media: Role of perception of online civic engagement and dual social influences. Behaviour & Information Technology, 42(8), 1194–1215. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2022.2066019
Blondel, V. D., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R., & Lefebvre, E. (2008). Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2008(10), P10008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008
Borra, E., & Rieder, B. (2014). Programmed method: Developing a toolset for capturing and analyzing tweets. Aslib Journal of Information Management, 66(3), 262–278. https://doi.org/doi:10.1108/AJIM-09-2013-0094
Bovet, A., Morone, F., & Makse, H. A. (2018). Validation of Twitter opinion trends with national polling aggregates: Hillary Clinton vs Donald Trump. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 8673. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-26951-y
Bruns, A., & Enli, G. (2018). The Norwegian Twittersphere: Structure and dynamics. Nordicom Review, 39(1), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2018-0006
Bruns, A., & Stieglitz, S. (2012). Quantitative approaches to comparing communication patterns on Twitter. Journal of Technology in Human Services, 30(3–4), 160–185. https://doi.org/10.1080/15228835.2012.744249
Bruns, A., Burgess, J., & Highfield, T. (2014). A ‘big data’ approach to mapping the Australian Twittersphere. In P. L. Arthur, & K. Bode (Eds.), Advancing digital humanities (pp. 113–129). Palgrave Macmillan.
Clark, T. S., Staton, J. K., Wang, Y., & Agichtein, E. (2018). Using Twitter to study public discourse in the wake of judicial decisions: Public reactions to the supreme court’s same-sex-marriage cases. Journal of Law and Courts, 6(1), 93–126. https://doi.org/10.1086/695423
Colleoni, E., Rozza, A., & Arvidsson, A. (2014). Echo chamber or public sphere? Predicting political orientation and measuring political homophily in Twitter using big data. Journal of Communication, 64(2), 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12084
Conover, M., Ratkiewicz, J., Francisco, M. R., Gonçalves, B., Menczer, F., & Flammini, A. (2011). Political polarization on Twitter. Proceedings of the Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media (ICWSM), 5(1), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v5i1.14126
Dahlgren, P. M. (2021). A critical review of filter bubbles and a comparison with selective exposure. Nordicom Review, 42(1), 15–33. https://doi.org/10.2478/nor-2021-0002
Enjolras, B., & Salway, A. (2022). Homophily and polarization on political twitter during the 2017 Norwegian election. Social Network Analysis and Mining, 13(10). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13278-022-01018-z
Finkel, E. J., Bail, C. A., Cikara, M., Ditto, P. H., Iyengar, S., Klar, S., Mason, L., McGrath, M. C., Nyhan, B., Rand, D. G., Skitka, L. J., Tucker, J. A., Van Bavel, J. J., Wang, C. S., & Druckman, J. N. (2020). Political sectarianism in America. Science, 370(6516), 533–536. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe1715
Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2017). Are news audiences increasingly fragmented? A cross-national comparative analysis of cross-platform news audience fragmentation and duplication. Journal of Communication, 67(4), 476–498. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcom.12315
Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. K. (2018). Are people incidentally exposed to news on social media? A comparative analysis. New Media & Society, 20(7), 2450–2468. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444817724170
Gaol, F. L., Maulana, A., & Matsuo, T. (2020). News consumption patterns on Twitter: Fragmentation study on the online news media network. Heliyon, 6(10), e05169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05169
Gentzkow, M. (2016). Polarization in 2016 [White Paper]. Toulouse Network of Information Technology, Stanford University. https://web.stanford.edu/~gentzkow/research/PolarizationIn2016.pdf
Gentzkow, M., & Shapiro, J. M. (2011). Ideological segregation online and offline. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 126(4), 1799–1839. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjr044
Grinberg, N., Joseph, K., Friedland, L., Swire-Thompson, B., & Lazer, D. (2019). Fake news on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. Presidential election. Science, 363(6425), 374–378. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2706
Guerra, P. H. C., Meira Jr, W., Cardie, C., & Kleinberg, R. (2013). A measure of polarization on social media networks based on community boundaries. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 7(1), 15–224. https://doi.org/10.1609/icwsm.v7i1.14421
Ha, L., Xu, Y., Yang, C., Wang, F., Yang, L., Abuljadail, M., Hu, X., Jiang, W., & Gabay, I. (2018). Decline in news content engagement or news medium engagement? A longitudinal analysis of news engagement since the rise of social and mobile media 2009–2012. Journalism, 19(5), 718–739. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916667654
Hallin, D. C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: Three models of media and politics. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511790867
Hedman, F., Sivnert, F., Kollanyi, B., Narayanan, V., Neudert, L.-M., & Howard, P. N. (2018). News and political information consumption in Sweden: Mapping the 2018 Swedish general election on Twitter. Computational Propaganda Data Memo, Oxford: Oxford Internet Institute, 6. https://demtech.oii.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2018/09/Hedman-et-al-2018.pdf
Herkman, J., & Jungar, A.-C. (2021). Populism and media and communication studies in the Nordic countries. In E. Skogerbø, Ø. Ihlen, N. N. Kristensen, & L. Nord (Eds.), Power, communication, and politics in the Nordic countries (pp. 241–261). Nordicom, University of Gothenburg. https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855299-12
Himelboim, I. (2017). Social network analysis (social media). In J. Matthes (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of communication research methods (pp. 1–15). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118901731.iecrm0236
Himelboim, I., McCreery, S., & Smith, M. (2013). Birds of a feather tweet together: Integrating network and content analyses to examine cross-ideology exposure on Twitter. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18(2), 154–174. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcc4.12001
Himelboim, I., Sweetser, K. D., Tinkham, S. F., Cameron, K., Danelo, M., & West, K. (2016). Valence-based homophily on Twitter: Network analysis of emotions and political talk in the 2012 presidential election. New Media & Society, 18(7), 1382–1400. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444814555096
Hänska, M., & Bauchowitz, S. (2019). Can social media facilitate a European public sphere? Transnational communication and the Europeanization of Twitter during the eurozone crisis. Social Media + Society, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119854686
Ihlebæk, K. A., & Nygaard, S. (2021). Right-wing alternative media in the Scandinavian political communication landscape. In E. Skogerbø, Ø. Ihlen, N. N. Kristensen, & L. Nord (Eds.), Power, communication, and politics in the Nordic countries (pp. 263–282). Nordicom, University of Gothenburg. https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855299-13
Isenberg, D. J. (1986). Group polarization: A critical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(6), 1141–1151. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1141
Iyengar, S., & Hahn, K. S. (2009). Red media, blue media: Evidence of ideological selectivity in media use. Journal of Communication, 59(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2008.01402.x
Iyengar, S., Sood, G., & Lelkes, Y. (2012). Affect, not ideology: A social identity perspective on polarization. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405–431. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41684577
Jacomy, M., Venturini, T., Heymann, S., & Bastian, M. (2014). Forceatlas2, a continuous graph layout algorithm for handy network visualization designed for the Gephi software. PloS one, 9(6), e98679. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098679
Jurkowitz, M., Mitchell, A., Shearer, E., & Walker, M. (2022). U.S. Media polarization and the 2020 election: A nation divided. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/2020/01/24/u-s-media-polarization-and-the-2020-election-a-nation-divided
Larsson, A. O. (2020). Right-wingers on the rise online: Insights from the 2018 Swedish elections. New Media & Society, 22(12), 2108–2127. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819887700
Leetaru, K., Wang, S., Padmanabhan, A., & Shook, E. (2013). Mapping the global Twitter heartbeat: The geography of Twitter. First Monday, 18(5). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v18i5.4366
Livingstone, S., & Markham, T. (2008). The contribution of media consumption to civic participation. The British Journal of Sociology, 59(2), 351–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-4446.2008.00197.x
Mason, L. (2013). The rise of uncivil agreement: Issue versus behavioral polarization in the American electorate. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(1), 140–159. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764212463363
Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Kiley, J., & Matsa, K. E. (2014, October 21). Political polarization & media habits. Pew Research Center. http://www.journalism.org/2014/10/21/political-polarization-media-habits/#
Mutz, D. C. (2006). How the mass media divide us. In D. Brady, & P. Divola (Eds.), Red and blue nation? Characteristics and causes of America’s polarized politics (Vol. 1) (pp. 223–242). Brookings Institution Press.
Mutz, D. C., & Young, L. (2011). Communication and public opinion: Plus ça change? The Public Opinion Quarterly, 75(5), 1018–1044. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41345920
Narayanan, V., Barash, V., Kelly, J., Kollanyi, B., Neudert, L.-M., & Howard, P. N. (2018). Polarization, partisanship and junk news consumption over social media in the US. arXiv preprint arX-iv:1803.01845. https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/polarization-partisanship-and-junk-news/
Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D. A. L., & Nielsen, R. K. (2017). Reuters Institute digital news report 2017. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/digital-news-report-2017
Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Schulz, A., Andı, S., & Nielsen, R. K. (2020). Reuters Institute digital news report 2020. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/digital-news-report-2020
Oscarsson, H., & Strömbäck, J. (2019). Political communication in the 2018 Swedish election campaign. Statsvetenskaplig tidskrift, 121(3), 319–345. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1333531/FULLTEXT01.pdf
Prior, M. (2005). News vs. entertainment: How increasing media choice widens gaps in political knowledge and turnout. American Journal of Political Science, 49(3), 577–592. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-5907.2005.00143.x
Rauchfleisch, A., Vogler, D., & Eisenegger, M. (2020). Transnational news sharing on social media: Measuring and analysing Twitter news media repertoires of domestic and foreign audience communities. Digital Journalism, 8(9), 1206–1230. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2020.1835511
Robinson, J. Y., & Enli, G. (2022). #MakeSwedenGreatAgain: Media events as politics in the deter-ritorialised nationalism debate. Nordic Journal of Media Studies, 4(1), 56–80. https://doi.org/10.2478/njms-2022-0004
Ross Arguedas, A., Robertson, C., Fletcher, R., & Nielsen, R. (2022). Echo chambers, filter bubbles, and polarisation: A literature review. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:6e357e97-7b16-450a-a827-a92c93729a08
Ryan, A. (2022). How negative out-party affect influenced public attitudes about the coronavirus crisis in Norway. Frontiers in Political Science, 4, Article 944783. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpos.2022.944783
Ryan, A. (2023). Exploring differences in affective polarization between the Nordic countries. Scandinavian Political Studies, 46(1–2), 52–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9477.12244
Sandberg, L. A., & Ihlebæk, K. A. (2019). Start sharing the news: Exploring the link between right-wing alternative media and social media during the Swedish 2018 election. Statsvetenskaplig tidskrift, 121(3).
Skogerbø, E., Bruns, A., Quodling, A., & Ingebretsen, T. (2016). Agenda-setting revisited: Social media and sourcing in mainstream journalism. In A. Bruns, G. Enli, E. Skogerbø, A. O. Larsson, & C. Christensen (Eds.), The Routledge companion to social media and politics (pp. 104–120). Routledge.
Skogerbø, E., Kristensen, N. N., Nord, L., & Ihlen, Ø. (2021). Introduction: A Nordic model for political communication? In E. Skogerbø, Ø. Ihlen, N. N. Kristensen, & L. Nord (Eds.), Power, communication, and politics in the Nordic countries (pp. 13–27). Nordicom, University of Gothenburg. https://doi.org/10.48335/9789188855299-1
Sloan, L., & Morgan, J. (2015). Who tweets with their location? Understanding the relationship between demographic characteristics and the use of geoservices and geotagging on Twitter. PloS one, 10(11), e0142209. http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0142209
Steppat, D., Castro Herrero, L., & Esser, F. (2022). Selective exposure in different political information environments – how media fragmentation and polarization shape congruent news use. European Journal of Communication, 37(1), 82–102. https://doi.org/10.1177/02673231211012141
Syvertsen, T., Enli, G., Mjøs, O. J., & Moe, H. (2014). The media welfare state: Nordic media in the digital era. University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/10.3998/nmw.12367206.0001.001
Thorson, K., & Wells, C. (2016). Curated flows: A framework for mapping media exposure in the digital age. Communication Theory, 26(3), 309–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12087
Trilling, D., Tolochko, P., & Burscher, B. (2017). From newsworthiness to shareworthiness: How to predict news sharing based on article characteristics. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 94(1), 38–60. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077699016654682
Tripodi, T., & Potocky-Tripodi, M. (2006). Intranational research. In T. Tripodi, & M. Potocky-Tripodi (Eds.), International social work research: Issues and prospects (pp. 105–131). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195187250.001.0001
Urman, A. (2020). Context matters: Political polarization on Twitter from a comparative perspective. Media, Culture & Society, 42(6), 857–879. https://doi.org/10.1177/0163443719876541
Vliegenthart, R., Boomgaarden, H. G., Van Aelst, P., & de Vreese, C. H. (2010). Covering the US presidential election in western Europe: A cross-national. Acta Politica, 45(4), 444–467. https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2010.2
Ward, A. F., Zheng, J., & Broniarczyk, S. M. (2022). I share, therefore i know? Sharing online content – even without reading it – inflates subjective knowledge. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 33(3), 469–488. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1321
Webster, J. G. (2005). Beneath the veneer of fragmentation: Television audience polarization in a multichannel world. Journal of Communication, 55(2), 366–382.
Webster, J. G., & Ksiazek, T. B. (2012). The dynamics of audience fragmentation: Public attention in an age of digital media. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01616.x
Weeks, B. E., Ksiazek, T. B., & Holbert, R. L. (2016). Partisan enclaves or shared media experiences? A network approach to understanding citizens’ political news environments. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 60(2), 248–268. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2016.1164170
Wojcik, S., & Hughes, A. (2019). Sizing up Twitter users. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/internet/2019/04/24/sizing-up-twitter-users/
Wong, F. M. F., Tan, C. W., Sen, S., & Chiang, M. (2016). Quantifying political leaning from tweets, retweets, and retweeters. IEEE transactions on knowledge and data engineering, 28(8), 2158–2172. https://doi.org/10.1109/TKDE.2016.2553667