Factors of integration for migrants in Iceland
| Variable | Category | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Income (%) | < ISK 200,000 | 10.2 |
| ISK 200,000–399,000 | 47.9 | |
| ISK 400,000–599,999 | 29.2 | |
| ISK 600,000–899,000 | 10.3 | |
| ISK 900,000–1,119,000 | 1.4 | |
| ISK 1,200,000+ | .9 | |
| Vote in municipal elections: did not vote (%) | – | 77.6 |
| Participation in clubs and activities: does not participate (%) | – | 71.3 |
| Social contact with Icelanders (continuous 0–6, mean as % of max value) | – | 56.5 |
| Social media contact with Icelanders (%) | Less than daily or almost daily | 64.8 |
| Daily or almost daily | 35.2 | |
| Use of Icelandic media (%) | Less than daily or almost daily | 68.7 |
| Daily or almost daily | 31.3 | |
| Experiences of discrimination (continuous 0–24, mean as % of max value) | – | 27.2 |
| Trust in institutions in Iceland (continuous 0–20, mean as % of max value) | – | 58.5 |
| Opinion about public discussion on migrants in Iceland (%) | Too positive | 5.4 |
| Somehow too positive | 19.7 | |
| Neither too positive nor too negative | 48.1 | |
| Somehow negative | 23.3 | |
| Too negative | 3.6 | |
| Overall satisfaction with life in municipality (%) | Unsatisfied or neutral | 31.1 |
| Satisfied | 68.9 |
Binomial logistic regression (enter) of social media contact with people from country of origin
| Variable | Category | B (SE) | OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender: Female* | – | .33 (.13) | 1.38 | 1.08–1.78 |
| Age (reference: 41–66 years) | 18–25 years | .00 (.21) | 1.00 | .66–1.52 |
| 26–40 years | -.21 (.14) | .81 | .61–1.07 | |
| World region of origin (reference: Western Europe, Nordic Countries, or North America) | Central or Eastern Europe | -.05 (.15) | .95 | .71–1.27 |
| Other | .17 (.21) | 1.18 | .79–1.77 | |
| Length of residence in Iceland (reference: 11–20 years) | < 1 year** | .83 (.25) | 2.30 | 1.42–3.77 |
| 1–2 years | .44 (.20) | 1.55 | 1.05–2.30 | |
| 3–5 years | .30 (.19) | 1.35 | .94–1.95 | |
| 6–10 years | .04 (.18) | 1.05 | .74–1.47 | |
| 20+ years | -.32 (.31) | .73 | .39–1.34 | |
| Intended length of residence (reference: 20+ years) | < 1 year | .24 (.26) | 1.27 | .76–2.14 |
| 1–2 years | .29 (.21) | 1.33 | .88–2.01 | |
| 3–5 years | .10 (.17) | 1.10 | .79–1.54 | |
| 6–10 years | .20 (.19) | 1.22 | .84–1.77 | |
| 11–20 years | -.09 (.20) | .91 | .62–1.35 | |
| Education (reference: University degree) | Primary school | -.67 (.32) | .51 | .28–.96 |
| Vocational training | .24 (.19) | 1.27 | .87–1.85 | |
| Matriculation exam | -.12 (.14) | .87 | .68–1.16 | |
| Other exam | .22 (.28) | 1.24 | .72–2.14 | |
| Income (reference: ISK 200,000–399,000) | < ISK 200,000 | -.22 (.20) | .80 | .54–1.20 |
| ISK 400,000–599,000 | -.04 (.13) | .96 | .74–1.24 | |
| ISK 600,000–899,000 | -.23 (.20) | .79 | .54–1.17 | |
| ISK 900,000–1,199,000 | .28 (.51) | 1.32 | .49–3.55 | |
| ISK 1,200,000+ | -.98 (.74) | .38 | .09–1.60 | |
| Vote in municipal elections (reference: voted) | – | -.05 (.17) | .95 | .68–1.32 |
| Participation in clubs and activities (reference: participating)** | – | -.38 (.13) | .69 | .53–.89 |
| Social contact with Icelanders*** | – | -.14 (.03) | .87 | .82–.93 |
| Social contact with Icelanders on social media (reference: almost daily)*** | – | 1.64 (.13) | 5.18 | 4.01–6.69 |
| Use of Icelandic media (reference: almost daily) | – | .09 (.13) | 1.09 | .85–1.41 |
| Experiences of discrimination | – | .02 (.01) | 1.00 | .98–1.03 |
| Trust in institutions in Iceland | – | .03 (.01) | 1.00 | .98–1.03 |
| Opinion on discussion on migrants (reference: too negative) | Too positive | -.28 (.39) | .75 | .35–1.61 |
| Somehow too positive | -.25 (.33) | .78 | .40–1.49 | |
| Neither nor | -.28 (.31) | .75 | .41–1.39 | |
| Somehow negative | -.33 (.32) | .93 | .39–1.20 | |
| Satisfaction with life in municipality (reference: satisfied) | – | -.07 (.13) | .93 | .72–1.20 |
| Intercept | – | -.06 (.48) | .95 | |
| Model χ 2 (df)*** | – | 259.5 (36) | ||
| R2 (Nagelkerke) | – | .20 | ||
| R2 (Cox and Snell) | – | .15 |
Background information of survey respondents
| Variable | Category | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Gender | Female | 66.5 |
| Age | 18–25 years | 12.5 |
| 26–40 years | 58.5 | |
| 41–66 years | 29.0 | |
| World region of origin | Western Europe, Nordic Countries, or North America | 21.9 |
| Central or Eastern Europe | 65.3 | |
| Other | 12.7 | |
| Time of residence in Iceland | < 1 year | 9.5 |
| 1–2 years | 21.2 | |
| 3–5 years | 22.2 | |
| 6–10 years | 18.6 | |
| 11–20 years | 24.3 | |
| 20+ years | 4.2 | |
| Intended time of residence | < 1 year | 5.3 |
| 1–2 years | 9.8 | |
| 3–5 years | 16.6 | |
| 6–10 years | 11.1 | |
| 11–20 years | 8.9 | |
| 20+ years | 48.2 | |
| Education | Primary school | 4.0 |
| Vocational training | 12.2 | |
| Matriculation exam | 30.7 | |
| University degree | 48.7 | |
| Other | 4.5 |
Country-of-origin social media contact and media use by migrants in Iceland
| Question | Daily or almost daily | Less than daily or almost daily |
|---|---|---|
| Social media contact with people from country of origin (%) | 49.4 | 50.6 |
| Social media contact with people from country of origin living in Iceland (%) | 33.6 | 66.4 |
| Use of media from country of origin (%) | 50.8 | 49.2 |
Binomial logistic regression (enter) of social media contact with people from country of origin living in Iceland
| Variable | Category | B (SE) | OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender (reference: female) | – | .17 (.14) | 1.18 | .90–1.56 |
| Age (reference: 41–66 years) | 18–25 years | .15 (.23) | 1.16 | .74–1.80 |
| 26–40 years | -.07 (.15) | .93 | .69–1.26 | |
| World region of origin (reference: Western Europe, Nordic Countries, or North America) | Central or Eastern Europe*** | .95 (.17) | 2.59 | .71–2.97 |
| Other** | .62 (.24) | 1.87 | 1.85–3.63 | |
| Length of residence in Iceland (reference: 11–20 years) | < 1 year | -.64 (.27) | .53 | 0.31–.89 |
| 1–2 years*** | -.82 (.22) | .44 | .29–.68 | |
| 3–5 years** | -.57 (.20) | .57 | .38–.84 | |
| 6–10 years | -.37 (.18) | .69 | .48–1.00 | |
| 20+ years | -.30 (.35) | .74 | .38–1.47 | |
| Intended length of residence (reference: 20+ years) | < 1 year | -.22 (.29) | .81 | .45–1.43 |
| 1–2 years | -.31 (.24) | .74 | .46–1.75 | |
| 3–5 years | .27 (.19) | 1.31 | .91–1.89 | |
| 6–10 years | -.16 (.21) | .85 | .56–1.30 | |
| 11–20 years | -.17 (.21) | 1.18 | .78–1.79 | |
| Education (reference: University degree) | Primary school | .06 (.33) | 1.06 | .56–2.03 |
| Vocational training** | .63 (.20) | 1.88 | 1.26–2.80 | |
| Matriculation exam | .14 (.15) | 1.15 | .86–1.53 | |
| Other exam | -.25 (.33) | 0.78 | .41–1.49 | |
| Income (reference: ISK 200,000–399,000) | < ISK 200,000 | -.46 (.20) | 0.63 | .40–.97 |
| ISK 400,000–599,000 | -.24 (.14) | 0.79 | .60–1.05 | |
| ISK 600,000–899,000 | -.19 (.21) | 0.83 | .55–1.26 | |
| ISK 900,000–1,199,000 | .54 (.51) | 1.71 | .63–4.62 | |
| ISK 1,200,000+ | -20.41 (.74) | .00 | .00 | |
| Vote in municipal elections (reference: voted)* | – | -.39 (.18) | .68 | .47–.97 |
| Participation in clubs and activities (reference: participating) | – | -.15 (.14) | .86 | .65–1.15 |
| Social contact with Icelanders*** | – | -.17 (.04) | .85 | .79–.90 |
| Social contact with Icelanders on social media (reference: almost daily)*** | – | 2.06 (.14) | 7.83 | 5.93–10.3 |
| Use of Icelandic media (reference: almost daily) | – | -.08 (.14) | .92 | .69–1.21 |
| Experiences of discrimination | – | -.01 (.02) | .99 | .96–1.02 |
| Trust in institutions in Iceland | – | -.01 (.02) | .99 | .96–1.02 |
| Opinion on discussion on migrants (reference: too negative) | Too positive | .20 (.42) | 1.22 | 0.53–2.78 |
| Somehow too positive | -.09 (.37) | .92 | 0.45–1.90 | |
| Neither nor | -.06 (.35) | .95 | 0.48–1.87 | |
| Somehow negative | -.09 (.35) | .91 | 0.46–1.81 | |
| Satisfaction with life in municipality (reference: satisfied) | – | -.04 (.14) | .96 | 0.72–1.27 |
| Intercept | – | -.87 (.53) | .42 | |
| Model χ2 (df)*** | – | 331.7 (36) | ||
| R2 (Nagelkerke) | – | .26 | ||
| R2 (Cox and Snell) | – | .19 |
Binomial logistic regression (enter) of use of media from country of origin
| Variable | Category | B (SE) | OR | 95% CI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender: female** | – | -.29 (.13) | .75 | .58–.95 |
| Age (reference: 41-66 years) | 18–25 years*** | -1.01 (.21) | .37 | .24–.55 |
| 26–40 years*** | -.62 (.14) | .54 | .41–.71 | |
| World region of origin (reference: Western | Central or Eastern | |||
| Europe, Nordic Countries, or North America) | Europe | -.12 (.15) | .89 | .67–1.18 |
| Other | -.35 (.21) | .71 | .47–1.06 | |
| Length of residence in Iceland (reference: 11–20 years) | < 1 year** | -.81 (.25) | .45 | .27–.73 |
| 1–2 years*** | -.96 (.20) | .39 | .26–.57 | |
| 3–5 years** | -.63 (.19) | .53 | .37–.77 | |
| 6–10 years** | -.53 (.17) | .59 | .42–.83 | |
| 20+ years** | -.87 (.31) | .42 | .23–.76 | |
| Intended length of residence (reference: 20+ years) | < 1 year | .51 (.26) | 1.67 | 1.01–2.76 |
| 1–2 years | .38 (.21) | 1.47 | .98–2.20 | |
| 3–5 years** | .58 (.17) | 1.79 | 1.28–2.50 | |
| 6–10 years** | .52 (.19) | 1.68 | 1.15–2.44 | |
| 11–20 years | .20 (.20) | 1.22 | .83–1.80 | |
| Education (reference: University degree) | Primary school | -.10 (.30) | .90 | .50–1.63 |
| Vocational training | -.04 (.19) | .96 | .66–1.40 | |
| Matriculation exam | -.10 (.14) | .90 | .69–1.18 | |
| Other exam | -.50 (.28) | .61 | .35–1.05 | |
| Income (reference: ISK 200,000–399,000) | < ISK 200,000 | .02 (.20) | 1.02 | .69–1.52 |
| ISK 400,000–599,000 | .05 (.13) | 1.05 | .82–1.36 | |
| ISK 600,000–899,000 | -.06 (.19) | .94 | .64–1.37 | |
| ISK 900,000–1,199,000 | .16 (.47) | 1.18 | .47–2.97 | |
| ISK 1,200,000+ | -.21 (.69) | .81 | .21–3.11 | |
| Vote in municipal elections (reference: voted) | – | -.32 (.17) | .73 | .53–1.01 |
| Participation in clubs and activities (reference: participating)*** | – | -.47 (.13) | .63 | .49–.81 |
| Social contact with Icelanders*** | – | -.12 (.03) | .89 | .83–.94 |
| Social contact with Icelanders on social media (reference: almost daily) | – | .10 (.12) | 1.02 | .87–1.4 |
| Use of Icelandic media (reference: almost daily)*** | – | 1.11 (.13) | 3.03 | 2.34–3.93 |
| Experiences of discrimination | – | .02 (.01) | 1.02 | .99–1.05 |
| Trust in institutions in Iceland | – | -.02 (.01) | .98 | .95–1.01 |
| Opinion on discussion on migrants (reference: too negative) | Too positive | -.15 (.38) | 0.86 | .41–1.81 |
| Somehow too positive | .18 (.33) | 1.19 | .63–2.26 | |
| Neither nor | -.14 (.31) | .87 | .48–1.60 | |
| Somehow negative | -.25 (.31) | .78 | .43–1.44 | |
| Satisfaction with life in municipality (reference: satisfied) | – | -.01 (.13) | .99 | .77–1.28 |
| Intercept*** | – | 1.71 (.48) | 5.53 | |
| Model χ2 (df)*** | – | 223.6 (36) | ||
| R2 (Nagelkerke) | – | .17 | ||
| R2 (Cox and Snell) | – | .13 |