Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Overview of findings
| Years | 2004 | 2009 | 2014 | Consequences of changes across years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Choices | 7 images | 2 images | 84 images | |
| Ideational choices: Conceptual and narrative structures | Visualisation of impersonal loss: symbolic absence (the empty sea) and concrete consequences (the wreck) | Visualisation of impersonal loss: concrete consequences (the wreck) | Visualisation of the MS Estonia before the disaster Visualisation of impersonal and personal loss: symbolic absence (similarity & replacement) and concrete consequences (wreck, coffins, survivors, those left behind) | Richer information about the disaster and its consequences From impersonal to personal loss: the human factor more in focus |
Visualisation of the sinking process (composite graphic image) Visualisation of the grieving process | Visualisation of the grieving process | Visualisation of the sinking (maps), rescue, hoisting and grieving processes | More actors enter the rhetorical arena The disaster as a process is brought closer to viewers | |
| Interpersonal choices: Demand and offer images | Only one demand image | No demand image | 17 demand images | Viewers are implicitly asked to enter the rhetorical arena and get involved |
| Only one offer image | Only one offer image | 25 offer images | The viewers are offered more detailed information | |
| Textual choices: Salience and framing | Neutral layout | Neutral layout | More complex layout with eye-catching features | Enhancement of visual information Enhancement of viewer involvement |
Number of images per newspaper and year
| 2004 | 2009 | 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Denmark | |||
| Berlingske | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| BT | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Ekstra Bladet | 0 | 0 | 7 |
| Jylland-Posten | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Politiken | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Norway | |||
| Adresseavisen | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Aftenposten | 0 | 0 | 3 |
| Bergens Tidende | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Stavanger Aftenblad | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| VG | 2 | 0 | 3 |
| Sweden | |||
| Aftonbladet | 0 | 0 | 38 |
| Dagens Nyheter | 5 | 1 | 6 |
| Expressen | 0 | 0 | 7 |
| Göteborgs-Posten | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Svenska Dagbladet | 0 | 1 | 6 |
| Total | 7 | 2 | 84 |
Overview of the parameters used for image analysis
| Parameter categories | Parameter subcategories | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Contextual | Publication date | ||
| Newspaper | |||
| Country | |||
| Typological | Photo | ||
| Graphics | |||
| Composite | |||
| Accompanying text | Title | ||
| Caption | |||
| Explanatory text | |||
| Metafunctional | Ideational | Narrative | Action |
| Reaction | |||
| Conceptual | Symbolic | ||
| Analytic | |||
| Classifying | |||
| Interpersonal | Contact with viewer | Demand | |
| Offer | |||
| Distance | Personal | ||
| Impersonal | |||
| Social | |||
| Point of view | Involvement | ||
| Detachment | |||
| Textual | Salience | ||
| Framing | Connection | ||
| Disconnection | |||
| Information value | Centred | ||
| Polarised | |||