References
- Vesikari E: “Service Life of Concrete Structures”. (“Betonirakenteiden käyttöikä”). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Research Reports No. 417, 1986. (In Finnish).
- Pentti M, Mattila J, & Wahlman J: “Repair of concrete facades and balconies, part I: structures, degradation and condition investigation”. (“Betonijulkisivujen ja –parvekkeiden korjaaminen, osa I: rakenteet, vaurioituminen ja kuntotutkimus”). Tampere University of Technology, Structural Engineering, Publication 87, 1998, 157 p. (In Finnish).
- Lahdensivu J: “Durability Properties and Actual Deterioration of Finnish Concrete Facades and Balconies”. Tampere University of Technology, DSc thesis, TUT Publ. 1028, 2012, 117 p. https://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-15-2823-1.
- Tuutti K: “Corrosion of steel in concrete”. Swedish Cement and Concrete Research Institute, Stockholm, CBI Research 4:82, 1982, 304 p.
- Liu T. & Weyers R W: “Modelling the dynamic corrosion process in chloride contaminated concrete structures”. Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 28, 1998, pp. 365-379.
- Li C Q: “Reliability service life prediction of corrosion affected concrete structures”. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2004:130 (10), 2004 pp. 1570-1577.
- Köliö A: “Propagation of Carbonation Induced Reinforcement Corrosion in Existing Concrete Facades Exposed to the Finnish Climate”. Tampere University of Technology, PhD thesis, TUT Publ. 1399, 2016, 147 p.
- Fagerlund G: “A service life model for internal frost damage in concrete”. Lund Institute of Technology, Lund, Division of Building Materials, Report TVBM-3119, 2004, 138 p.
- Al-Neshawy F: “Computerised prediction of the deterioration of concrete building facades caused by moisture and changes in temperature”. Aalto University, Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Doctoral dissertations 96/2013, 2013, 222 p. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-60-5203-8.
- Alexander M: “Durability and service life prediction for concrete structures – developments and challenges”. Proceedings, MATEC Web of conferences, Vol. 149, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201814901006.
- Pakkala T: “Assessment of the Climate Change Effects on Finnish Concrete Facades and Balconies”. Tampere University, Dsc thesis, Tampere University Dissertations 204, 2020, p. 98. http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-952-03-1423-1.
- Lindman N, Kallio J & Lahdensivu J: “Service Life of Concrete Pedestal without Air Entrainment”. Nordic Concrete Research, Vol. 64, 2021, DOI: 10.2478/ncr-2021-0008.
- Eriksson D: “Multiphase models for freeze-thaw actions and mass transport in concrete hydraulic structures”. KTH Royal institute of technology, PhD Thesis, Civil and Architectural Engineering, 2021, 159 p.
- Guo J, Sun W, Xu Y, Lin W & Jing W: “Damage Mechanism and Modeling of Concrete in Freeze-Thaw Cycles: A Review”. Buildings, Vol. 2022/12, No. 1317, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12091317.
- Statistics Finland: “Buildings and free-time residences”. (“Rakennukset ja kesämökit”). Epublication, Reference date 14.2.2025. Retrieved from: https://pxdata.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__rakke/?tablelist=true.
- Vainio T, Lehtinen E, Nuuttila H: “Building and Renovation of Facades”. (“Julkisivujen uudis- ja korjausrakentaminen”). VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Tampere, Finland, 2005, p. 26 + app. 13 p. (in Finnish).
- Pakkala T A, Köliö A, Kiviste M & Lahdensivu J: “Durability demands related to frost attack for Finnish concrete buildings in changing climate”. Building and Environment, Vol. 82/2014, 2014, pp. 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.07.028.
- Pakkala T A, Lindman N & Lahdensivu J: “Assessing Climate Change Effects on Freeze-Thaw Exposure of Outdoor Concrete Structures”. Under review at Nordic Concrete Research, 2025.
- Fagerlund G: “The critical degree of saturation method of assessing the freeze/thaw resistance of concrete”. Tentative RILEM recommendation, Prepared on behalf of RILEM Committee 4 CDC, Materiaux et Constructions, Vol. 58, 1977, pp. 217-229.
- Mehta P K: “Concrete durability - fifty years progress”. Proceedings, 2nd International Conference on Concrete Durability, Montreal, QC, Canada, 1 September 1991, p. 132.
- Pigeon M & Pleau R: “Durability of concrete in cold climates”, Suffolk, E & FN Spon, 1995, 244 p.
- Setzer M J: “Basis of testing the freeze–thaw resistance: Surface and internal deterioration”. Proceedings, Frost Resistance of Concrete - Proceedings of the International RILEM Workshop on Resistance of Concrete to Freezing and Thawing with or without De-icing Chemicals, (Edited by Setzer M J & Auberg R), Essen, Germany, 1997, pp 157-173.
- Lisø K R, Kvande T, Hygen H O, Thue J V & Harstveit K: “2007a. A frost decay exposure index for porous, mineral building materials”. Building and Environment, Vol. 42(10), 2007, pp. 3547-3555.
- IPCC: “Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis”. Proceedings, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K., 2007.
- Jylhä K, Ruosteenoja K, Böök H, Lindfors A, Pirinen P, Laapas M & Mäkelä A: “Weather data for building-physical studies and the building energy reference year 2020 in a changing climate”. (“Nykyisen ja tulevan ilmaston säätietoja rakennusfysikaalisia laskelmia ja energialaskennan testivuotta 2020 varten”). Finnish Meteorological Institute, Report 2020:6, updated 9/2021, Helsinki, Finland, 2021, p. 81. (in Finnish). https://doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361287.
- Koskiahde A: “An experimental petrographic classification scheme for the condition assessment of concrete in facade panels and balconies”. Materials Characterization, Vol. 53, 2004, pp. 327-334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matchar.2004.09.004.
- Lahdensivu E: “Deterioration of Concrete Facades and Balconies Constructed in the 1990s”. (“Betonielementtikerrostalojen Julkisivujen Ja Parvekkeiden Vaurioituminen 1990-luvun Rakennustuotannossa”). MSc Thesis. Tampere University, Tampere, Finland, 2022, p. 80. https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:tuni-202210267843.
- Concrete Association of Finland: “by32 - Guidelines for durability and service life of concrete structures”. (“by 32 - Betonirakenteiden säilyvyysohjeet ja käyttöikämitoitus”). Suomen betonitieto, Helsinki, Finland, 1989, p. 60. (in Finnish).
- Concrete Association of Finland: “by32 - Guidelines for durability and service life of concrete structures”. (“by 32 - Betonirakenteiden säilyvyysohjeet ja käyttöikämitoitus”). Suomen betonitieto, Helsinki, Finland, 1992, p. 66. (in Finnish).