Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
Fig. 14.
Fig. 15.
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17.
Fig. 18.
Dataset classification_
| Fault location | Failure diameter [mm] | Tag | Dataset | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Training set | Test set | |||
| Regular | —— | 1 | 70 | 30 |
| Inner ring | —— | 2 | 70 | 30 |
| Outer ring | 90° | 3A | 70 | 30 |
| 135° | 3B | 70 | 30 | |
| Regular | —— | 4 | 70 | 30 |
| Compound failure | outer 90° | 5A | 70 | 30 |
| outer 135° | 5B | 70 | 30 | |
Experimental results of 5 dB complex noise comparison_
| Model | MACE + PFACNN | RVMD+ DCNN | RVMD+ CNN | E+CNN BiGRU | E+CNN SVM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy [%] | 91.3 | 80.1 | 52.1 | 54.2 | 48.3 |
| Recall rate [%] | 91.6 | 80.5 | 52.7 | 54.9 | 48.8 |
| F1 [%] | 91.4 | 80.3 | 52.5 | 54.6 | 48.6 |
Results of ablation experiment_
| Module | Model | Accuracy [%] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | ||
| × | × | √ | A | 91.2 |
| × | √ | √ | B | 93.7 |
| √ | × | √ | C | 97.4 |
| √ | √ | × | D | 95.3 |
| √ | √ | √ | E | 98.9 |
Experimental parameters_
| Inner diameter [mm] | Pitch diameter [mm] | Thickness [mm] | Outer diameter [mm] | Rolling diameter [mm] | Contact angle [°] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 25 | 39 | 15 | 52 | 8 | 0 |
Fault diagnosis results_
| Category | Accuracy [%] | Category | Accuracy [%] |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 100 | 6 | 100 |
| 2 | 100 | 7 | 100 |
| 3 | 100 | 8 | 99.3 |
| 4 | 100 | 9 | 99.3 |
| 5 | 100 | 10 | 100 |
Results of 0 dB white noise comparison test_
| Model | MACE + PFACNN | IF+ CNN | M+ CNN | E+CNN | E+ CNNSVM |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Accuracy [%] | 89.2 | 64.5 | 51.6 | 67.8 | 72.4 |
| Recall rate [%] | 89.8 | 64.9 | 52.1 | 68.2 | 72.9 |
| F1 [%] | 89.7 | 64.6 | 51.8 | 67.7 | 72.6 |
Generalization experiment results – Accuracy [%]_
| Model | MACE + PFACNN | E+CNN | E+SVM | IF+CNN | M+ DCNN |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
| 3A-3B | 97.98 | 91.14 | 91.12 | 89.99 | 90.11 |
| 3B-3A | 93.64 | 92.13 | 88.96 | 90.96 | 89.11 |
| 5A-5B | 93.87 | 90.11 | 89.13 | 86.57 | 90.40 |
| 5B-5A | 92.01 | 89.41 | 90.11 | 88.76 | 89.13 |
| Mean | 94.37 | 90.69 | 89.83 | 89.07 | 89.68 |