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Design, fabrication, and optimization of magnetic vanadium MOF-embedded CMC–chitosan hydrogel beads for high-efficiency adsorptive removal of methyl violet 2B from aqueous media Cover

Design, fabrication, and optimization of magnetic vanadium MOF-embedded CMC–chitosan hydrogel beads for high-efficiency adsorptive removal of methyl violet 2B from aqueous media

Materials Science-Poland
Volume 43 (2025): Issue 4 (December 2025)
By: Sattam Al-Otaibi  
Open Access
|Dec 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

The schematic diagram shows the creation of the MV-MOF/CMC-CS composite and its MV2B dye adsorption capability.
The schematic diagram shows the creation of the MV-MOF/CMC-CS composite and its MV2B dye adsorption capability.

Figure 2

(a) XRD of MV-MOF/CMC-CS, (b) N2 adsorption/desorption of MV-MOF/CMC-CS and MV2B@ MV-MOF/CMC-CS, (c) SEM of MV-MOF/CMC-CS (d) FT-IR, and (e) magnetization of MV-MOF/CMC-CS, and MV2B@ MV-MOF/CMC-CS.
(a) XRD of MV-MOF/CMC-CS, (b) N2 adsorption/desorption of MV-MOF/CMC-CS and MV2B@ MV-MOF/CMC-CS, (c) SEM of MV-MOF/CMC-CS (d) FT-IR, and (e) magnetization of MV-MOF/CMC-CS, and MV2B@ MV-MOF/CMC-CS.

Figure 3

XPS of MV-MOF/CMC-CS and MV2B@ MV-MOF/CMC-CS.
XPS of MV-MOF/CMC-CS and MV2B@ MV-MOF/CMC-CS.

Figure 4

(a) Determination of pHpzc, (b) influence of pH on adsorption of MV2B dye, (c) influence of dose, (d) influence of original concentration of MV2B dye, (e) influence of communication time, and (f) temperature’s influence on MV2B dye adsorption on MV-MOF/CMC-CS.
(a) Determination of pHpzc, (b) influence of pH on adsorption of MV2B dye, (c) influence of dose, (d) influence of original concentration of MV2B dye, (e) influence of communication time, and (f) temperature’s influence on MV2B dye adsorption on MV-MOF/CMC-CS.

Figure 5

(a) Models of the adsorption isotherm, (b) adsorption kinetic model, (c) IPD model, and (d) illustration of diffusion of MV2B dye onto MV-MOF/CMC-CS.
(a) Models of the adsorption isotherm, (b) adsorption kinetic model, (c) IPD model, and (d) illustration of diffusion of MV2B dye onto MV-MOF/CMC-CS.

Figure 6

(a) The plot of van’t Hoff, (b) the models of Arrhenius, and (c) consequence of temperature on ΔG o.
(a) The plot of van’t Hoff, (b) the models of Arrhenius, and (c) consequence of temperature on ΔG o.

Figure 7

Mechanism of MV2B dye and MV-MOF/CMC-CS interaction.
Mechanism of MV2B dye and MV-MOF/CMC-CS interaction.

Figure 8

Removal of MV2B dye from authentic water samples.
Removal of MV2B dye from authentic water samples.

Figure 9

The influence of interfering ions on the adsorption of MV2B dye onto MV-MOF/CMC-CS.
The influence of interfering ions on the adsorption of MV2B dye onto MV-MOF/CMC-CS.

Figure 10

Efficiency of MV-CS-CMC/MOF regeneration.
Efficiency of MV-CS-CMC/MOF regeneration.

Figure 11

(a) Probability of the normal residual, (b) real values vs anticipated values, (c) residuals in contrast to run counts, (d) residuals vs predicted, (e) perturbation of adsorption MV2B dye onto MV-MOF/CMC-CS (for A: pH, B: Dose, and C: time), (f) BOX-Cox plot for power transforms, and (g) adsorption ability of MV2B dye on MV-MOF/CMC-CS is graphically optimized.
(a) Probability of the normal residual, (b) real values vs anticipated values, (c) residuals in contrast to run counts, (d) residuals vs predicted, (e) perturbation of adsorption MV2B dye onto MV-MOF/CMC-CS (for A: pH, B: Dose, and C: time), (f) BOX-Cox plot for power transforms, and (g) adsorption ability of MV2B dye on MV-MOF/CMC-CS is graphically optimized.

Figure 12

3D contour plots and surfaces that illustrate the impacts of (a) the adsorbent dose and initial pH, (b) the adsorbent dose and contact time, and (c) the contact time and initial pH.
3D contour plots and surfaces that illustrate the impacts of (a) the adsorbent dose and initial pH, (b) the adsorbent dose and contact time, and (c) the contact time and initial pH.

Figure 13

(a) The statistically optimal solutions are becoming more and more popular, (b) desirability of every answer, (c) the use of a bar graph to illustrate individual desirability, and (d) 3D of desirability of all responses.
(a) The statistically optimal solutions are becoming more and more popular, (b) desirability of every answer, (c) the use of a bar graph to illustrate individual desirability, and (d) 3D of desirability of all responses.

Statistical examination of numerous adsorption models for MV2B dye on the MV-MOF/CMC-CS_

SourceSum of squareStd. Dev.Sequential p-valuePressAdj R 2 Pred R 2 Remark
Linear3.040 × 105 152.930.00195.130 × 105 0.59460.4443
2F12.781 × 105 166.770.81749.157 × 105 0.51790.0081
Quadratic12337.3841.98<0.00011.974 × 105 0.96950.7862Suggested
Cubic0.00000.0000 1.0000 Aliased

Examination of the variance for the models being fitted_

SourceSum of squaresdfMean square F-value p-value Standard error95% CI low95% CI high
Intercept558.46 18.77514.07602.86
Model9.108 × 10+05 91.012 × 10+05 57.42<0.0001Significant
A-pH11084.74111084.746.290.0405 14.842.1372.32
B-time5.629 × 105 15.629 × 1005 319.40<0.0001 14.84230.17300.36
C-Dose45068.61145068.6125.570.0015 14.84−110.15−39.96
AB4127.4614127.462.340.1698 20.99−17.5181.76
AC2054.7612054.761.170.3161 20.99−72.3026.97
BC19729.55119729.5511.190.0123 20.99−119.87−20.60
A 2 41923.08141923.0823.790.0018 20.46−148.16−51.40
B 2 2.078 × 10+05 12.078 × 105 117.92<0.0001 20.46−270.55−173.79
C 2 1377.3311377.330.78150.4060 20.46−66.4730.29
Residual12337.3871762.48
Lack of fit12337.3834112.46
Pure error0.000040.0000
Cor total9.231 × 105 16
Std. Dev.41.98
Mean398.44
C.V. %10.54
R 2 0.9866
Adjusted R 2 0.9695
Predicted R 2 0.7862
Adeq precision23.6848

Modeling the sum of squares in a sequential fashion_

SourceSum of squaresdf Mean squares F-value P-value remark
Mean value vs Total2.699 × 106 12.699 × 106
Linear vs Mean value6.191 × 105 32.064 × 105 8.820.0019
2FI vs Linear25911.7738637.260.31060.8174
Quadratic vs 2FI2.658 × 105 388594.7050.27<0.0001Suggested
Cubic vs Quadratic12337.3834112.46 Aliased
Residual0.000040.0000
Total3.622 × 106 172.13 × 105

Efficiency of MV2B dye adsorption via the reaction surface’s CCD_

RunActual variablesYield (mg/g)
pHTime (min)Dose (g)ExperimentalPredictedResidueInternally studentized residualsExternally studentized residuals
171000.25478.88438.1840.691.9392.637
2752.50.135558.46558.460.00000.0000.000
3752.50.135558.46558.460.00000.0000.000
4750.2510.6748.11−37.44−1.784−2.236
5752.50.135558.46558.460.00000.0000.000
6252.50.25345.71350.98−5.26−0.251−0.233
71252.50.02580.80575.545.260.2510.233
81252.50.25382.11380.092.010.0960.089
91250.13511.77−23.6635.431.6882.029
10121000.135528.41571.12−42.70−2.034−2.946
1121000.135397.00432.43−35.43−1.688−2.029
12250.1358.84−33.8642.702.0342.946
13752.50.135558.46558.460.00000.0000.000
1471000.02766.20728.7637.441.7842.236
15252.50.02453.75455.76−2.01−0.096−0.089
16750.0217.0757.76−40.69−1.939−2.637
17752.50.135558.46558.460.00000.0000.000
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2025-0049 | Journal eISSN: 2083-134X | Journal ISSN: 2083-1331
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Language: English
Page range: 166 - 197
Submitted on: Nov 2, 2025
|
Accepted on: Dec 30, 2025
|
Published on: Dec 31, 2025
Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year
Keywords:
Magnetic V-MOF,
Methyl violet 2B dye,
Interaction mechanism,
Box-Behnken design
Related subjects:
Materials sciences,
Materials sciences, other,
Nanomaterials,
Functional and smart materials,
Materials characterization and properties

© 2025 Sattam Al-Otaibi, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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