Figure 1
Dry abrasive test setup T-07: (a) Photo of the testing and measurement apparatus and (b) test concept: 1 – test sample, 2 – rubber roller, and 3 – electrocorundum.
Figure 2
View of (a) DUCOM tribotester and (b) schematic of wear tracks on the disc and ball indicating the analyzed locations.
Table 1
Dry abrasive test results for the tested materials.
| Material | Wear – average value (g) | Density (g/cm3) | Rotations | Coefficient K b |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| C45 (reference sample) | 0.062 | 7.86 | 600 | 1.000 |
| Orvar 2M | 0.155 | 7.78 | 1,800 | 1.188 |
| Orvar 2M + AlWIN 30 min | 0.001 | 7.78 | 1,800 | 184.107 |
| Orvar 2M + AlWIN 60 min | 0.02 | 7.78 | 3,600 | 18.411 |
Figure 3
Comparison of dry abrasive test results – relative abrasive wear resistance K b.
Figure 4
Surface profile of the Orvar 2M sample after 30 min of testing in the dry abrasive test for two selected specimens.
Figure 5
Surface profile of the Orvar 2M + AlWIN sample after: (a) 30 min of testing in a dry abrasive and (b) 60 min of tests.
Figure 6
Surface morphology of the samples after tribological testing: (a) Orvar 2M steel (sample nos 1–4), (b) Orvar 2M steel with ALWIN XC coating (sample nos 1–4), (c) detailed view of sample no. 4 (noncoated-only Orvar 2M), (d) detailed view of sample no. 4 (Orvar 2M + AlWIN_XC); numbers 1–4 denote individual test samples; scale bars are indicated in the detailed images.
Figure 7
Microscopic observations of wear tracks on the ball and disc after the ball-on-disc test at 200°C.
Table 2
Tribological test parameters.
| Conditions/test no. | Disc temperature T (°C) | Test duration t (s) | Sliding distance s (m) | Load F (N) | Rotational speed v (m/s) | Wear track radius r (m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test 1 | 200 | 5,000 | 500 | 10 | 0.1 | 0.006 |
Figure 8
Measurement sheets from 3D scanning of selected areas of the sample after the ball-on-disc test at 200°C for three zones.
Table 3
Summary of abrasive wear results from the tribological tests.
| Test no. | Temperature T (°C) | Sliding distance S (m) | Volumetric wear Z obj (m3) | Wear index W z (m3/N*m) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Test 1 | 200 | 500 | 9.51 × 10−11 | 9.51 × 10−15 |
| Test 2 | 400 | 150 | 1.06 × 10−10 | 3.53 × 10−14 |
| Test 3 | 600 | 150 | 1.67 × 10−10 | 5.57 × 10−14 |
Figure 9
Coefficient of friction for Orvar 2M steel with AlWIN XC coating at 200°C.
Figure 10
Metallographic cross-section of the sample (ball-on-disc, 200°C), etched: (a) 200× magnification, (b) 500× magnification; Orvar 2M (1.2344) steel with nanocrystalline ALWIN XC coating and TiC interlayer.
Figure 11
HV0.1 hardness distributions on cross-sections after the ball-on-disc test.
Figure 12
Compilation of EDS mapping of the disc wear track (Test 1, 200°C).
Figure 13
Compilation of EDS mapping of the ball wear track (Test 1, 200°C).
Figure 14
Surface microstructure after the tribological test. Areas of coating wear and mechanical damage – Test 1, 200°C.