Figure 1
Figure 2
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Figure 10
Figure 11
Figure 12
Figure 13
Figure 14
Figure 15
Figure 16
Figure 17
Figure 18
Figure 19
Mass consumption and volumetric wear loss determined experimentally and predicted by the Archard model_
| State of heat treatment | Actual mass consumption (g) | Actual volumetric wear loss I exp (m3) | Wear coefficient k determined empirically | Wear coefficient k used in the Archard wear model | Theoretical volumetric wear loss I Z (m3) | Relative difference (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.2236 | 2.84841 × 10⁻⁸ | 0.009880 | 0.010272 | 3.00644 × 10⁻⁸ | +5.55 |
| 2 | 0.218 | 2.77707 × 10⁻⁸ | 0.010666 | 0.010272 | 2.71511 × 10⁻⁸ | −2.23 |
| 3 | 0.23884 | 2.97898 × 10⁻⁸ | 0.011578 | 0.010272 | 2.76135 × 10⁻⁸ | −7.32 |
| 4 | 0.23385 | 3.04255 × 10⁻⁸ | 0.011490 | 0.010272 | 2.68310 × 10⁻⁸ | −11.82 |
| 5 | 0.25272 | 3.21936 × 10⁻⁸ | 0.009238 | 0.010272 | 3.63384 × 10⁻⁸ | +12.87 |
| 6 | 0.25722 | 3.27669 × 10⁻⁸ | 0.008781 | 0.010272 | 3.89106 × 10⁻⁸ | +18.72 |
| 7 | 0.29104 | 3.70752 × 10⁻⁸ | 0.007391 | 0.005787 | 2.90297 × 10⁻⁸ | −21.69 |
| 8 | 0.29543 | 3.76348 × 10⁻⁸ | 0.005400 | 0.005787 | 4.03325 × 10⁻⁸ | +7.17 |
| 9 | 0.3371 | 4.29427 × 10⁻⁸ | 0.004570 | 0.005787 | 5.43758 × 10⁻⁸ | +26.59 |
Chemical composition of Hardox 500 steel (in % by weight)_
| C | Mn | Si | P | S | Cr | Ni | Mo | V | Cu | Al | Ti | Nb | B |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0.29 | 0.74 | 0.28 | 0.007 | 0.001 | 0.61 | 0.06 | 0.018 | 0.012 | 0.010 | 0.054 | 0.003 | — | 0.0009 |
Results of variance analysis_
| Effect SS | Effect df | Effect MS | Error SS | Error df | Error MS | F | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| R a | 0.1072 | 8 | 0.0134 | 0.1407 | 18 | 0.0078 | 1.7140 | 0.1629 |
| R p | 0.9911 | 8 | 0.1239 | 4.6533 | 18 | 0.2585 | 0.4792 | 0.8551 |
| R v | 4.4831 | 8 | 0.5604 | 3.9031 | 18 | 0.2168 | 2.5844 | 0.0450 |
Results of Duncan’s test for the parameter R v_
| State of heat treatment | {1} M = 1.6167 | {2} M = 2.0367 | {3} M = 2.2233 | {4} M = 2.0000 | {5} M = 1.8600 | {6} M = 2.2733 | {7} M = 3.0667 | {8} M = 1.7867 | {9} M = 1.7533 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| {1} | 0.3384 | 0.1759 | 0.3759 | 0.5651 | 0.1470 | 0.0034 | 0.6780 | 0.7236 | |
| {2} | 0.3384 | 0.6295 | 0.9243 | 0.6662 | 0.5640 | 0.0215 | 0.5545 | 0.5109 | |
| {3} | 0.1759 | 0.6295 | 0.5860 | 0.3924 | 0.8970 | 0.0488 | 0.3146 | 0.2855 | |
| {4} | 0.3759 | 0.9243 | 0.5860 | 0.7171 | 0.5185 | 0.0197 | 0.6028 | 0.5598 | |
| {5} | 0.5651 | 0.6662 | 0.3924 | 0.7171 | 0.3405 | 0.0103 | 0.8493 | 0.7944 | |
| {6} | 0.1470 | 0.5640 | 0.8970 | 0.5185 | 0.3405 | 0.0516 | 0.2694 | 0.2426 | |
| {7} | 0.0034 | 0.0215 | 0.0488 | 0.0197 | 0.0103 | 0.0516 | 0.0075 | 0.0067 | |
| {8} | 0.6780 | 0.5545 | 0.3146 | 0.6028 | 0.8493 | 0.2694 | 0.0075 | 0.9312 | |
| {9} | 0.7236 | 0.5109 | 0.2855 | 0.5598 | 0.7944 | 0.2426 | 0.0067 | 0.9312 |
Results of Levene’s test for homogeneity of variance_
| Effect SS | Effect df | Effect MS | Error SS | Error df | Error MS | F | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mass wear per 1 m of sliding distance | 0.002684 | 8 | 0.000335 | 0.003295 | 31 | 0.000106 | 3.156335 | 0.00987 |
Parameters of the applied heat treatment procedures_
| No | Heat treatment parameters |
|---|---|
| 1 | As-delivered condition from the steel mill |
| 2 | Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s) |
| Quenching: austenitization at 880°C, 20 min and cooling in H2O (∼270°C/s) | |
| Tempering: 100°C, 120 min, and air cooling | |
| 3 | Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s) |
| Quenching: austenitization at 900°C, 20 min and cooling in transformer oil (∼25°C/s) | |
| Tempering: 100°C, 120 min, and air cooling | |
| 4 | Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s) |
| Quenching: austenitization at 900°C, 20 min and cooling in Durixol W72 (∼100°C/s) | |
| Tempering: 100°C, 120 min, and air cooling | |
| 5 | Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s) |
| Quenching: austenitization at 900°C, 20 min, and cooling with 5 bar air blast (∼5°C/s) | |
| Tempering: 100°C, 120 min, and air cooling | |
| 6 | Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s) |
| Quenching: austenitization at 900°C, 20 min, and cooling with 3 bar air blast (∼3°C/s) | |
| Tempering: 100°C, 120 min, and air cooling | |
| 7 | Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s) |
| Quenching: austenitization at 900°C and 20 min cooling with 1 bar air blast (∼1°C/s) | |
| Tempering: 100°C, 120 min, and air cooling | |
| 8 | Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s) |
| Quenching: austenitization at 900°C, 20 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s) | |
| 9 | Normalization: 880°C, 30 min, and air cooling (∼0.1°C/s) |
| Quenching: austenitization at 900°C, 20 min, and furnace cooling (∼0.01°C/s) |
Results of Duncan’s test_
| State of heat treatment | {1} M = 0.7908 | {2} M = 0.7911 | {3} M = 0.8231 | {4} M = 0.8388 | {5} M = 0.8838 | {6} M = 0.9098 | {7} M = 1.0293 | {8} M = 1.0449 | {9} M = 1.1922 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 0.9867 | 0.0595 | 0.0075 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
| 2 | 0.9867 | 0.0499 | 0.0064 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
| 3 | 0.0595 | 0.0499 | 0.3235 | 0.0008 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
| 4 | 0.0075 | 0.0064 | 0.3235 | 0.0074 | 0.0002 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | |
| 5 | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | 0.0008 | 0.0074 | 0.1088 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0000 | |
| 6 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | 0.0002 | 0.1088 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | |
| 7 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.3292 | 0.0001 | |
| 8 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.3292 | 0.0001 | |
| 9 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0001 |