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Enhanced areal capacitance through potassium incorporation into the graphene framework of laser-induced graphene for flexible electronics using LiCl gel electrolyte Cover

Enhanced areal capacitance through potassium incorporation into the graphene framework of laser-induced graphene for flexible electronics using LiCl gel electrolyte

Open Access
|Mar 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1

Diagram illustrating the procedures for fabricating LIG and PLIG electrodes utilizing a CO2 laser machine.
Diagram illustrating the procedures for fabricating LIG and PLIG electrodes utilizing a CO2 laser machine.

Figure 2

Fabrication of the symmetrical supercapacitor device based on PLIG and LiCl electrolyte.
Fabrication of the symmetrical supercapacitor device based on PLIG and LiCl electrolyte.

Figure 3

The investigation comprised two main aspects: TEM images focusing on few-layer graphene for (a) LIG and (d) PLIG. HRTEM imaging capturing the extensive lattice variation of  (b) LIG and (e) PLIG. SAED and lattice profiles for (c) LIG and (f) PLIG.
The investigation comprised two main aspects: TEM images focusing on few-layer graphene for (a) LIG and (d) PLIG. HRTEM imaging capturing the extensive lattice variation of (b) LIG and (e) PLIG. SAED and lattice profiles for (c) LIG and (f) PLIG.

Figure 4

EDX mapping of (a) LIG and (b) PLIG for carbon and potassium distribution. (c) EDX spectrum of PLIG.
EDX mapping of (a) LIG and (b) PLIG for carbon and potassium distribution. (c) EDX spectrum of PLIG.

Figure 5

Raman spectra obtained from bare graphene and K-doped graphene.
Raman spectra obtained from bare graphene and K-doped graphene.

Figure 6

XRD patterns of LIG and PLIG recorded in diffraction angles of 15–65o.
XRD patterns of LIG and PLIG recorded in diffraction angles of 15–65o.

Figure 7

CV curves recorded at different scan rates for (a) LIG and (b) PLIG electrodes.
CV curves recorded at different scan rates for (a) LIG and (b) PLIG electrodes.

Figure 8

Relationship of areal capacitance of LIG and PLIG with the scan rate.
Relationship of areal capacitance of LIG and PLIG with the scan rate.

Figure 9

Galvanostatic charging–discharging curves recorded at different current densities for (a) LIG and (b) PLIG.
Galvanostatic charging–discharging curves recorded at different current densities for (a) LIG and (b) PLIG.

Figure 10

Relationship between areal capacitance and current density for LIG and PLIG electrodes.
Relationship between areal capacitance and current density for LIG and PLIG electrodes.

Figure 11

(a) Nyquist diagrams and (b) cycling stability of the electrodes, evaluated at a discharge current density of 1.75 mA cm⁻2 over 2,000 cycles.
(a) Nyquist diagrams and (b) cycling stability of the electrodes, evaluated at a discharge current density of 1.75 mA cm⁻2 over 2,000 cycles.

Raman parameters for bare graphene and K-doped graphene_

SampleFWHM (cm−1)D band (cm−1)G band (cm−1)2D band (cm−1) I D/G I 2D/G
D bandG band2D band
LIG65.246.2117.11,3571,5672,7200.280.42
PLIG169.276.4242.71,3691,5802,7430.540.38

Comparison between supercapacitor electrodes made from laser-induced graphene_

ElectrodeAreal capacitanceAreal energyAreal powerReferences
Graphene0.8 mF/cm2 at 10 mV/s[32]
Graphene34 mF/cm2 at 0.1 mA/cm2 1.0 mWh/cm3 11 mW/cm3 [33]
Graphene + MoS2 + MnS58.3 mF/m2 at 50 mA/cm2 7 µWh/cm2 49.9 µW/cm2 [34]
NiO/Co3O4/graphene29.5 mF/cm2 at 0.05 mA/cm2 [35]
Graphene6.1 mF/cm2 at 20 mV/s0.96 µWh/cm2 0.25 mW/cm2 [36]
LIG11 mF/cm2 at 0.75 mA/cm2 1.5 µWh/cm2 186 µW/cm2 Present work
PLIG21 mF/cm2 at 0.75 mA/cm2 2.8 µWh/cm2
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2025-0007 | Journal eISSN: 2083-134X | Journal ISSN: 2083-1331
Language: English
Page range: 67 - 79
Submitted on: Jan 26, 2025
Accepted on: Mar 5, 2025
Published on: Mar 31, 2025
Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Nagih M. Shaalan, Mohamad M. Ahmad, Osama Saber, Shalendra Kumar, Faheem Ahmed, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.