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Initial-boundary conditions adopted for numerical calculations of the forging process_
| Input raw material | ∅12 mm × 276 mm |
| Number of strokes | 1× (blocking impression): 12.5 kJ – 1 stroke; 2× (finishing impression): 5.5 kJ – 1 stroke |
| Temp. of the raw material | 1,165°C |
| Cycle time | 11 s divided into: cooling for 6 s + forging in the blocking impression for 2.5 s + forging in the finishing impression for 2.5 s |
| Machine | Hammer, 16 kJ |
| Temp. of tools | 200°C |
| Lubrication | Water with graphite |
| Heat exchange | Average 10 kW/(m2 K) |
Comparison of the durability of forging tools_
| Tool durability | Tool durability (pcs) | Average (pcs) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| First set of tools | Second set of tools | Third set of tools | ||
| Standard manufacturing process (forging tools without gas nitriding) | 3,380 | 3,200 | 3,150 | 3,243 |
| Forging tools with gas nitriding | 1,200 | 1,070 | 1,370 | 1,213 |