Performance studies of premixed blended hydraulic cement to revolutionize concrete production

Materials	Chemical composition (%)
Materials	CaO	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	MgO	SO₃	K₂O	Na₂O	P₂O₅	Others
Cement	62.59	21.24	4.78	3.27	2.53	2.27	0.45	0.38	—	2.49
Fly ash	4.80	48.60	34.31	6.46	1.04	0.71	1.21	0.75	0.58	1.54
GGBS	44.68	24.85	20.49	0.67	5.43	1.79	0.33	0.22	0.03	1.51
Silica fume	1.35	94.40	0.53	0.14	0.48	1.02	1.59	0.11	0.15	0.23
Blended cement	51.26	21.10	16.98	3.27	3.01	2.23	0.57	0.33	0.19	1.06

Table 2

Basic properties of coarse aggregates.

Sieve no.	Maximum particle size = 19 mm			Maximum particle size = 9.5 mm			Maximum particle size = 1.6 mm
Sieve no.	Remain weight (g)	Retention (%)	Sieving rate (%)	Remain weight (g)	Retention (%)	Sieving rate (%)	Remain weight (g)	Retention (%)	Sieving rate (%)
3/2″	0	0	100	0	0	100	0	0	100
1″	0	0	100	0	0	100	0	0	100
3/4″	348	4	96	0	0	100	0	0	100
1/2″	6,911	75	25	1,022	18	82	0	0	100
3/8″	8,441	92	8	2,641	47	53	11	0	100
#4	9,109	99	1	5,228	93	7	2,815	57	43
#8	9,140	100	0	5,545	99	1	4,636	93	7
Bottom	9,176	100	0	5,615	100	0	4,975	100	0
	Physical properties
Moisture content (%)	0.89			1.17			2.23
Absorption (%)	0.83			1.25			1.13
Surface moisture content (%)	0.1			0.1			1.1

Table 3

Mix percentage of binders.

Mix no.	w/b	Binders
Mix no.	w/b	Cement (%)	GGBS (%)	Fly ash (%)	Silica fume (%)	Blended cement (%)
A1	0.32	50	35	15
A2						100
A3		45	30	20	5
A4		35	35	30
B1	0.39	50	35	15
B2						100
B3		45	30	20	5
B4		35	35	30

Table 4

Mix proportions (kg/m³).

Mix no.	Water	w/b	Binders					Aggregates		Superplasticizer
Mix no.	Water	w/b	Cement	GGBS	Fly ash	Silica fume	Blended cement	Coarse aggregates	Fine aggregates	Superplasticizer
A1	202	0.32	330	231	99	—	—	926	552	5.61
A2	144		—	—	—	—	467	985	786	5.65
A3	199		297	198	132	33	—	933	533	5.81
A4	202		231	231	198	—	—	965	483	5.28
B1	188	0.39	247.5	173.3	74.3	—	—	939	733	3.96
B2	159		—	—	—	—	420	947	837	5.29
B3	185		222.8	148.5	99	24.8	—	943	730	4.16
B4	184		175	175	150	—	—	938	702	4.25

Test setup of rapid chloride migration test.

Table 5

Results of flow performances.

Mix no.	w/b	Water demand (kg/m³)	Superplasticizer dosage (kg/m³)	Slump flow (cm)
A1	0.32	202	5.61	56 × 58
A2		144	5.65	59 × 61
A3		199	5.81	52 × 50
A4		202	5.28	65 × 68
B1	0.39	188	3.96	61 × 62
B2		159	5.29	65 × 61
B3		185	4.16	56 × 57
B4		184	4.25	66 × 66

Compressive strength of silica fume for different proportions.

Comparison of compressive strength of blended cement.

Relationship between diffusion coefficient and compressive strength of the proportion of the binders.

Relationship between the amount of silica fume on the diffusion coefficient and compressive strength.

Relationship between the diffusion coefficient and compressive strength of blended cement.

Table 6

Results of hydration heat (unit: kJ/kg).

Proportion of binders	28 days	56 days
Cement:GGBS:fly ash = 50:35:15	250.0	292.5
Cement:GGBS:fly ash = 35:35:30	233.6	274.2
Blended cement	188.4	210.3
Cement:GGBS:fly ash:silica fume = 45:30:20:5	303.6	330.8

Construction diagram of Danjiang Bridge using blended cement from this study.

SEM images for A series specimens (×3,000). (a) A1 specimen, (b) A2 specimen, (c) A3 specimen, and (d) A4 specimen.

Table 7

Carbon emission calculation parameters (kg/tons).

Concrete component	Cement	GGBS	Fly ash	Silica fume	Blended cement	Aggregates	Additives
Carbon emissions	850	83	08	14	196	30.3	9.9

Note: Carbon emission calculation parameters from previous studies [43–47].

Table 8

Converted carbon emissions for the eight proportions (kg).

Mix no.	Cement	GGBS	Fly ash	Silica fume	Blended cement	Aggregates	Additives	Carbon emissions
A1	330	231	99	—	—	1,478	5.61	345.3
A2	—	—	—	—	467	1,771	5.65	145.2
A3	297	198	132	33	—	1,466	5.81	314.9
A4	231	231	198	—	—	1,448	5.28	261.0
B1	247.5	173.3	74.3	—	—	1,672	3.96	276.1
B2	—	—	—	—	420	1,784	5.29	136.4
B3	222.8	148.5	99	24.8	—	1,664	4.16	253.3
B4	175	175	150	—	—	1,640	4.25	214.2

Table 9

Prices of the concrete components used in this study (US$/kg).

Concrete components	Cement	GGBS	Fly ash	Silica fume	Blended cement	Aggregates	Additives
Price	0.09	0.06	0.03	0.50	0.07	0.02	1.00

Table 10

Converted raw material costs for the eight proportions (US$).

Mix no.	w/b	Cement (kg)	GGBS (kg)	Fly ash (kg)	Silica fume (kg)	Blended cement (kg)	Aggregates (kg)	Additives (kg)	Cost (US$)
A1	0.32	330	231	99			1,478	5.61	75.60
A2						467	1,771	5.65	63.37
A3		297	198	132	33		1,466	5.81	88.10
A4		231	231	198			1,448	5.28	68.70
B1	0.39	247.5	173.3	74.3			1,672	3.96	64.90
B2						420	1,784	5.29	60.07
B3		222.8	148.5	99	24.8		1,664	4.16	73.37
B4		175	175	150			1,640	4.25	60.43

References

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Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2024-0034 | Journal eISSN: 2083-134X (formerly 2083-124X) | Journal ISSN: 2083-1331

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Language: English

Page range: 139 - 159

Submitted on: May 4, 2024

Accepted on: Oct 12, 2024

Published on: Nov 16, 2024

Published by: Wroclaw University of Science and Technology

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

Dry premixing cement,

Fly ash,

Slag,

Diffusion coefficient,

Carbon emissions

Related subjects:

Materials sciences,

Materials sciences, other,

Nanomaterials,

Functional and smart materials,

Materials characterization and properties

© 2024 Kae-Long Lin, Wei-Ting Lin, Lukáš Fiala, Jan Kočí, Po-En Lee, Hui-Mi Hsu, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

Volume 42 (2024): Issue 3 (September 2024)

Performance studies of premixed blended hydraulic cement to revolutionize concrete production

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