Performance studies of premixed blended hydraulic cement to revolutionize concrete production

Lin, Kae-Long; Lin, Wei-Ting; Fiala, Lukáš; Kočí, Jan; Lee, Po-En; Hsu, Hui-Mi

doi:10.2478/msp-2024-0034

Figures & Tables

Test setup of rapid chloride migration test.

Compressive strength of silica fume for different proportions.

Comparison of compressive strength of blended cement.

Relationship between diffusion coefficient and compressive strength of the proportion of the binders.

Relationship between the amount of silica fume on the diffusion coefficient and compressive strength.

Relationship between the diffusion coefficient and compressive strength of blended cement.

Construction diagram of Danjiang Bridge using blended cement from this study.

SEM images for A series specimens (×3,000). (a) A1 specimen, (b) A2 specimen, (c) A3 specimen, and (d) A4 specimen.

Basic properties of coarse aggregates_

Sieve no.	Maximum particle size = 19 mm			Maximum particle size = 9.5 mm			Maximum particle size = 1.6 mm
Sieve no.	Remain weight (g)	Retention (%)	Sieving rate (%)	Remain weight (g)	Retention (%)	Sieving rate (%)	Remain weight (g)	Retention (%)	Sieving rate (%)
3/2″	0	0	100	0	0	100	0	0	100
1″	0	0	100	0	0	100	0	0	100
3/4″	348	4	96	0	0	100	0	0	100
1/2″	6,911	75	25	1,022	18	82	0	0	100
3/8″	8,441	92	8	2,641	47	53	11	0	100
#4	9,109	99	1	5,228	93	7	2,815	57	43
#8	9,140	100	0	5,545	99	1	4,636	93	7
Bottom	9,176	100	0	5,615	100	0	4,975	100	0
	Physical properties
Moisture content (%)	0.89			1.17			2.23
Absorption (%)	0.83			1.25			1.13
Surface moisture content (%)	0.1			0.1			1.1

Converted carbon emissions for the eight proportions (kg)_

Mix no.	Cement	GGBS	Fly ash	Silica fume	Blended cement	Aggregates	Additives	Carbon emissions
A1	330	231	99	—	—	1,478	5.61	345.3
A2	—	—	—	—	467	1,771	5.65	145.2
A3	297	198	132	33	—	1,466	5.81	314.9
A4	231	231	198	—	—	1,448	5.28	261.0
B1	247.5	173.3	74.3	—	—	1,672	3.96	276.1
B2	—	—	—	—	420	1,784	5.29	136.4
B3	222.8	148.5	99	24.8	—	1,664	4.16	253.3
B4	175	175	150	—	—	1,640	4.25	214.2

Results of flow performances_

Mix no.	w/b	Water demand (kg/m³)	Superplasticizer dosage (kg/m³)	Slump flow (cm)
A1	0.32	202	5.61	56 × 58
A2		144	5.65	59 × 61
A3		199	5.81	52 × 50
A4		202	5.28	65 × 68
B1	0.39	188	3.96	61 × 62
B2		159	5.29	65 × 61
B3		185	4.16	56 × 57
B4		184	4.25	66 × 66

Results of hydration heat (unit: kJ/kg)_

Proportion of binders	28 days	56 days
Cement:GGBS:fly ash = 50:35:15	250.0	292.5
Cement:GGBS:fly ash = 35:35:30	233.6	274.2
Blended cement	188.4	210.3
Cement:GGBS:fly ash:silica fume = 45:30:20:5	303.6	330.8

Prices of the concrete components used in this study (US$/kg)_

Concrete components	Cement	GGBS	Fly ash	Silica fume	Blended cement	Aggregates	Additives
Price	0.09	0.06	0.03	0.50	0.07	0.02	1.00

Mix proportions (kg/m3)_

Mix no.	Water	w/b	Binders					Aggregates		Superplasticizer
Mix no.	Water	w/b	Cement	GGBS	Fly ash	Silica fume	Blended cement	Coarse aggregates	Fine aggregates	Superplasticizer
A1	202	0.32	330	231	99	—	—	926	552	5.61
A2	144		—	—	—	—	467	985	786	5.65
A3	199		297	198	132	33	—	933	533	5.81
A4	202		231	231	198	—	—	965	483	5.28
B1	188	0.39	247.5	173.3	74.3	—	—	939	733	3.96
B2	159		—	—	—	—	420	947	837	5.29
B3	185		222.8	148.5	99	24.8	—	943	730	4.16
B4	184		175	175	150	—	—	938	702	4.25

Mix percentage of binders_

Mix no.	w/b	Binders
Mix no.	w/b	Cement (%)	GGBS (%)	Fly ash (%)	Silica fume (%)	Blended cement (%)
A1	0.32	50	35	15
A2						100
A3		45	30	20	5
A4		35	35	30
B1	0.39	50	35	15
B2						100
B3		45	30	20	5
B4		35	35	30

Carbon emission calculation parameters (kg/tons)_

Concrete component	Cement	GGBS	Fly ash	Silica fume	Blended cement	Aggregates	Additives
Carbon emissions	850	83	08	14	196	30.3	9.9

Chemical compositions of the binders_

Materials	Chemical composition (%)
Materials	CaO	SiO₂	Al₂O₃	Fe₂O₃	MgO	SO₃	K₂O	Na₂O	P₂O₅	Others
Cement	62.59	21.24	4.78	3.27	2.53	2.27	0.45	0.38	—	2.49
Fly ash	4.80	48.60	34.31	6.46	1.04	0.71	1.21	0.75	0.58	1.54
GGBS	44.68	24.85	20.49	0.67	5.43	1.79	0.33	0.22	0.03	1.51
Silica fume	1.35	94.40	0.53	0.14	0.48	1.02	1.59	0.11	0.15	0.23
Blended cement	51.26	21.10	16.98	3.27	3.01	2.23	0.57	0.33	0.19	1.06

Converted raw material costs for the eight proportions (US$)_

Mix no.	w/b	Cement (kg)	GGBS (kg)	Fly ash (kg)	Silica fume (kg)	Blended cement (kg)	Aggregates (kg)	Additives (kg)	Cost (US$)
A1	0.32	330	231	99			1,478	5.61	75.60
A2						467	1,771	5.65	63.37
A3		297	198	132	33		1,466	5.81	88.10
A4		231	231	198			1,448	5.28	68.70
B1	0.39	247.5	173.3	74.3			1,672	3.96	64.90
B2						420	1,784	5.29	60.07
B3		222.8	148.5	99	24.8		1,664	4.16	73.37
B4		175	175	150			1,640	4.25	60.43

Performance studies of premixed blended hydraulic cement to revolutionize concrete production

Figures & Tables

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Basic properties of coarse aggregates_

Converted carbon emissions for the eight proportions (kg)_

Results of flow performances_

Results of hydration heat (unit: kJ/kg)_

Prices of the concrete components used in this study (US$/kg)_

Mix proportions (kg/m3)_

Mix percentage of binders_

Carbon emission calculation parameters (kg/tons)_

Chemical compositions of the binders_

Converted raw material costs for the eight proportions (US$)_

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