Figure 1
ETEs of AMF.
Figure 2
Specific application fields and shortcomings of ENs.
Figure 3
Mechanism of cladomycorrhizal fungi adsorption on ENs.
Figure 4
SEM images of the two ENs: (a) TDNPs and (b) graphene nanosheets.
Figure 5
Preparation process of cladomycorrhizal fungus–ENs.
Figure 6
XRD results of four nanomaterials: (a) XRD results of TDNPs and their AMF nanocomplexes and (b) XRD results of GNP and their AMF nanocomplexes.
Figure 7
FTIR spectrum results of different materials. (a) FTIR spectrum results of TDNPs and their AMF nanocomplexes and (b) FTIR spectrum results of the AMF nanocomplexes of GNPs.
Figure 8
TGA curves of four nanomaterials.
Figure 9
(a) Changes in the growth rate of Arabidopsis cells under the influence of four different nanomaterials and (b) changes in the activity of Arabidopsis cells under the influence of four different nanomaterials.
Figure 10
(a) Changes in the growth rate of maize cells under the influence of four different nanomaterials and (b) changes in the vitality of maize cells under the influence of four different nanomaterials.
Figure 11
Cell survival rate results of EC under the influence of four different nanomaterials.
Figure 12
Growth and vitality changes of EC under the influence of four different nanomaterials.
Figure 13
Cell survival rate and growth inhibition rate of S. aureus under the influence of four materials.
Table 1
Effects of four nanomaterials on soil at the same pollution level.
| / | Index levels at different times after the experiment | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Types of nanomaterials | Comparison indicators | Week 1 | Week 2 | Week 3 | Week 4 |
| TDNC | Pollutant concentration (mg/g) | 80.3 | 75.4 | 71.1 | 68.2 |
| Pollutant level index | 80 | 74 | 70 | 66 | |
| GI–TDNC | Pollutant concentration (mg/g) | 77.5 | 70.3 | 64.8 | 58.6 |
| Pollutant level index | 75 | 68 | 60 | 53 | |
| GNPs | Pollutant concentration (mg/g) | 81.1 | 76.6 | 71.9 | 69.1 |
| Pollutant level index | 82 | 75 | 72 | 70 | |
| GI–GNP | Pollutant concentration (mg/g) | 78.4 | 71.6 | 65.6 | 59.5 |
| Pollutant level index | 76 | 69 | 62 | 55 | |