In vitro evaluation of stainless steel orthodontic wires coated with TiO2 and TiO2:Ag for their anti-adhesive and antibacterial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans in a sucrose-enriched environment

Justyna Joanna Bącela; Beata Borak; Beata Sobieszczańska; Urszula Walczuk; Jerzy Detyna; Michał Sarul

doi:10.2478/msp-2023-0047

Figures & Tables

pH value of salvia environment without [33] and with sucrose (+) for three types of samples: (A) orthodontic wires with TiO2:Ag coating, (B) orthodontic wires with TiO2 coating and (C) uncoated orthodontic wires. The measurements were taken at three different time intervals: 24 h, 48 h, and 96 h

Box-plots for comparison regarding adhesion to the surface of three types of orthodontic archwires: (A) orthodontic wires with TiO2:Ag coating, (B) orthodontic wires with TiO2 coating, and (C) uncoated orthodontic wires under differential coating conditions for experiments without [33] and with sucrose (+)

Representative images of coating surfaces with streptococcal biofilms produced in the presence (+) of sucrose. (A) orthodontic wires with TiO2:Ag coating, (B) orthodontic wires with TiO2 coating and (C) uncoated orthodontic wires. Fluorescence microscope, magnification 400x

Box-plots for comparison the population of bacteria present on specimens subjected to a functional coating (A+), a basic coating (B+), and control specimens (an uncoated orthodontic wire - C+) after 24, 28, and 96 h

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for bacterial cultures

Without sucrose, t = 4 h
Group	{1}	{2}	{3}
A {1}		0.0590	0.0041*
B {2}	0.0590		0.0866
C {3}	0.0041	0.0866
	With sucrose, t = 4 h
Group	{1}	{2}	{3}
A+ {1}		0.1012	0.0472
B+ {2}	0.1012		0.3420
C+ {3}	0.0472	0.3420

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for bacterial cultures, experiments without sucrose

	t = 48 h
Group	{1}	{2}	{3}
A {1}		0.0895	0.0048*
B {2}	0.0895		0.0529
C {3}	0.0048	0.0529
	t= 96 h
Group	{1}	{2}	{3}
A {1}		0.1159	0.0488
B {2}	0.1159		0.0058
C {3}	0.0488	0.0058

Various categories of orthodontic wires that have undergone surface modifications are utilized in microbiological examinations

Group A	The experimental group included stainless steel orthodontic archwires coated with a functional thin film of TiO₂:Ag.
Group B	The experimental group consisted of stainless steel orthodontic archwires with a base coating of a thin TiO₂ film.
Group C	The control group comprised stainless steel orthodontic archwires without any coating.

Fundamental descriptive statistics for the examined quantitative variables (experiment with sucrose)

	N	M	Me	SD	Sk.	Kurt	Min.	Maks.	W	^p
pH
t = 24 h
A+	10	4.31	4.27	0.30	−0.38	0.78	3.72	4.75	0.95	0.652
B+	9	4.32	4.31	0.27	−0.72	1.40	3.77	4.71	0.92	0.429
C+	9	3.90	3.75	0.24	0.83	−1.72	3.72	4.22	0.68	0.001
t = 48 h
A+	9	4.10	4.03	0.16	2.34	5.88	3.98	4.50	0.68	0.001
B+	10	3.92	3.93	0.10	−1.36	2.57	3.69	4.03	0.89	0.156
C+	9	3.88	3.96	0.18	−0.60	−1.67	3.64	4.08	0.81	0.029
t = 96 h
A+	10	4.22	4.27	0.22	−0.55	−0.37	3.82	4.55	0.94	0.568
B+	9	3.80	3.78	0.12	1.41	1.88	3.69	4.06	0.86	0.092
C+	8	3.82	3.87	0.15	−0.26	−1.92	3.64	4.00	0.86	0.111
Cultures [CFU/ml]
t = 24 h
A+	5	3.16 × 10⁶	1.70 × 10⁶	3.83 × 10⁶	2.20	4.87	1.1 × 10⁶	10 × 10⁶	0.63	0.001
B+	5	5.33 × 10⁶	2.30 × 10⁶	5.05 × 10⁶	1.12	−0.38	1.6 × 10⁶	13 × 10⁶	0.81	0.105
C+	4	1.40 × 10⁷	1.45 × 10⁷	5.14 × 10⁶	−0.54	1.55	7.3 × 10⁶	19.8 × 10⁶	0.96	0.774
t = 48 h
A+	4	3.47 × 10⁷	2.41 × 10⁷	3.85 × 10⁷	0.97	−0.66	4.50 × 10⁶	8.60 × 10⁷	0.87	0.291
B+	5	1.27 × 10⁸	1.49 × 10⁸	6.30 × 10⁷	−1.01	1.39	2.81 × 10⁷	1.96 × 10⁸	0.93	0.597
C+	4	2.19 × 10⁸	2.15 × 10⁸	4.91 × 10⁷	0.48	1.52	1.63 × 10⁸	2.83 × 10⁸	0.96	0.786
t = 96 h
A+	4	2.53 × 10⁶	2.50 × 10⁶	1.77 × 10⁶	0.01	−5.96	1.00 × 10⁶	4.15 × 10⁶	0.75	0.038
B+	4	6.00 × 10⁶	5.50 × 10⁶	2.45 × 10⁶	0.54	−2.94	4.00 × 10⁶	9 × 10⁶	0.86	0.262
C+	4	4.89 × 10⁶	5.28 × 10⁶	1.43 × 10⁶	−0.91	−1.00	3.00 × 10⁶	6 × 10⁶	0.86	0.268
Adhesion [CFU/ml]
t = 4 h
A+	4	7.25 × 10⁴	6.50 × 10⁴	4.65 × 10⁴	0.56	−2.48	3.00 × 10⁴	1.30 × 10⁵	0.92	0.519
B+	4	2.50 × 10⁵	2.35 × 10⁵	1.68 × 10⁵	0.25	−4.06	9.00 × 10⁴	4.40 × 10⁵	0.90	0.437
C+	4	3.48 × 10⁵	2.75 × 10⁵	1.63 × 10⁵	1.94	3.77	2.50 × 10⁵	5.90 × 10⁵	0.72	0.019

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for bacterial cultures, experiments with sucrose

	t = 24 h
Group	{1}	{2}	{3}
A+ {1}		0,4960	0.0121*
B+ {2}	0.4960		0,0166
C+ {3}	0.0121	0.0166
	t = 48 h
Group	{1}	{2}	{3}
A+ {1}		0.0282	0.0013
B+ {2}	0.0282		0,0282
C+ {3}	0.0013	0.0282
	t = 96 h
Group	{1}	{2}	{3}
A+ {1}		0.0749	0.1198
B+ {2}	0.0749		0.4368
C+ {3}	0.1198	0.4368

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for the dependent variable of pH levels; experiment with sucrose

t = 24h
Group	{1}	{2}	{3}
A+ {1}		0.9353	0.0035*
B+ {2}	0.9353		0.0075
C+ {3}	0.0035	0.0075
	t = 48 h
Group	{1}	{2}	{3}
A+ {1}		0.0176	0.0117
B+ {2}	0.0176		0.5602
C+ {3}	0.0117	0.5602
	t = 96 h
Group	{1}	{2}	{3}
A+ {1}		0.0002	0.0002
B+ {2}	0.0002		0.7863
C+ {3}	0.0002	0.7863

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for the dependent variable of pH levels; experiment without sucrose

	t = 24 h
Group	{1}	{2}	{3}
A {1}		0.0678	0.0007*
B {2}	0.0678		0.0236
C {3}	0.0007	0.0236
	t= 48 h
Group	{1}	{2}	{3}
A {1}		0.0067	0.0035
B {2}	0.0067		0.8958
C {3}	0.0035	0.8958
	t= 96 h
Group	{1}	{2}	{3}
A {1}		0.0058	0.0084
B {2}	0.0058		0.5474
C {3}	0.0084	0.5474

In vitro evaluation of stainless steel orthodontic wires coated with TiO2 and TiO2:Ag for their anti-adhesive and antibacterial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans in a sucrose-enriched environment

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

Fig. 2S.

Fig. 3S.

Fig. 4S.

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for bacterial cultures

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for bacterial cultures, experiments without sucrose

Various categories of orthodontic wires that have undergone surface modifications are utilized in microbiological examinations

Fundamental descriptive statistics for the examined quantitative variables (experiment with sucrose)

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for bacterial cultures, experiments with sucrose

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for the dependent variable of pH levels; experiment with sucrose

Results of the Newman-Keuls post hoc test for the dependent variable of pH levels; experiment without sucrose

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