Fig. 1.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 3.
![Cement slabs on highway exposed to a wide range of temperature changes (summer up to 40°C, winter down to − 40°C) after one year [69]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/658adac679f7550bc9ea18c5/j_msp-2023-0029_fig_003.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251204%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251204T145944Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=144136413acc9fe1befa168b798d53ac0adcdfd3b0d2e2bbba1e22a3641fcb2a&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 4.
![Highway precast pavement after three years [69]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/658adac679f7550bc9ea18c5/j_msp-2023-0029_fig_004.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251204%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251204T145944Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=ffce471c47d1fcba0a8006b0ee70b0ae5abb43a83e1b5dc6eb21148e255a8e33&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 5.
![Change in the cement pavement after five years [69]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/658adac679f7550bc9ea18c5/j_msp-2023-0029_fig_005.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=AKIA6AP2G7AKOUXAVR44%2F20251204%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251204T145944Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Signature=6bf7c7fe64a3ece2a3a80e5451c3d51e2601c34146e9560393d11a68ba7b5162&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Effect of MTMW on splitting tensile and flexural strength of cement-based materials
| References | Increase in splitting tensile strength (%) | Increase in flexural strength (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Keshta et al. [59] | 20 | 24 |
| Ahmed et al. [44] | 98 | 22 |
| Sevim et al. [38] | 44 | – |
| Karthik et al. [28] | 5 | – |
| Zhao et al. [43] | – | 31 |
| Reddy et al. [15] | 18 | 15 |
| Salehi et al. [64] | 9 | – |
Effect of MTMW on compressive strength of cement-based materials
| References | Increase (+) or decrease (-) in compressive strength at 28 days (%) |
|---|---|
| Al-Safy et al. [37] | +0.05 to +22.47 |
| Yousry et al. [36] | +60 at 56 days age |
| Abdel-Raouf et al. [34] | −26 |
| Malathy et al. [25] | +24.1 |
| Keshta et al. [59] | +23 |
| Ahmed et al. [44] | +80 |