Table 1.
The main statistical parameters calculated through the AFM images in Figure 1 using Gwyddion software
| Sample | Maximum height (Zmax) (nm) | Median height (Zmed) (nm) | Mean roughness (Sa) (nm) | Number of grains (N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZnO | 98.84 | 60.22 | 13.50 | 115 |
| Untreated ZnMnO | 198.0 | 106.46 | 27.05 | 152 |
| Treated ZnMnO | 288.84 | 132.52 | 43.03 | 126 |
Fig. 1.
2D and 3D topographic AFM images accompanied by curves of line profiles corresponding to pure ZnO (a), untreated ZnMnO (b), and treated ZnMnO (c)
Fig. 2.
XRD spectra of undoped ZnO and treated ZnMnO With six pics (100), (002), (101), (102), (110) and (103)
Table 2.
Structural parameters of ZnO and treated ZnMnO: tabulated XRD spectroscopy results
| Sample | Peak position (2θ °) | hkl | FWHM (2θ°) | d-spacing (Å) | Average grain size D (nm) | Cell parameters (Å) | c/a | Strain (ε) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Scherrer equation | W-H Plot | a = b | c | Scherrer equation | W-H Plot | ||||||
| ZnO(0%) | 31.84 | 1 00 | 0.58 | 2.80 | 25.20 | 28.88 | 3.242 | 5.195 | 1.602 | 0.0014 | 0.00085 |
| 34.50 | 002 | 0.33 | 2.60 | ||||||||
| 36.32 | 1 0 1 | 0.30 | 2.47 | ||||||||
| 47.65 | 1 02 | 0.33 | 1.90 | ||||||||
| 56.68 | 1 1 0 | 0.36 | 1.62 | ||||||||
| 63.02 | 1 03 | 0.83 | 1.47 | ||||||||
| ZnMnO(4%) | 31.70 | 1 00 | 0.56 | 2.82 | 12.41 | 12.38 | 3.256 | 5.212 | 1.600 | 0.0025 | 0.00122 |
| 34.38 | 002 | 0.67 | 2.60 | ||||||||
| 36.17 | 1 0 1 | 0.36 | 2.48 | ||||||||
| 47.56 | 1 02 | 0.29 | 1.91 | ||||||||
| 56.44 | 1 1 0 | 0.21 | 1.63 | ||||||||
| 62.87 | 1 03 | 0.30 | 1.47 | ||||||||
Fig. 3.
Size-strain analysis (W-H plot) for ZnO and ZnMnO
Fig. 4.
XPS spectra of pure ZnO (i), initial ZnMnO (ii), ZnMnO post Ar ion sputtering (iii), and ZnMnO post Ar annealing at 800°C (iv). (a): full scan spectra. (b), (c), (d), and (e): narrow scan spectra corresponding to C 1s, doubled Zn 2p, O 1s, and doubled Mn 2p, respectively
Table 3.
Atomic percentages of Zn, O, and Mn elements corresponding to pure ZnO and treated ZnMnO. (a) atomic ratio of the Mn atoms taking the Zn sites. (b) stoichiometry factor of O to Zn and Mn
| Sample | at(%) | Comments | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zn | O | Mn | (a): | (b): | |
| ZnO | 34.00 | 66.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 1.94 |
| ZnMnO@800°C | 22.30 | 74.04 | 3.65 | 14.07 | 2.85 |
Fig. 5.
Gaussian deconvolution of high-resolution XPS spectrum of: (a) doubled Mn 2p corresponding to treated ZnMnO(final state); and (b) O 1s corresponding to ZnMnO (untreated, annealed)
Fig. 6.
PL spectra of pure ZnO (i), untreated ZnMnO (ii), and treated ZnMnO (iii)
Fig. 7.
Gaussian fitting of PL spectra accompanied by schematic band diagram corresponding to pure ZnO (i), untreated ZnMnO (ii), and treated ZnMnO (iii)