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PLA filament is not equal to PLA filament: Experimental studies of the influence of the type of pigment on the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid) products Cover

PLA filament is not equal to PLA filament: Experimental studies of the influence of the type of pigment on the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(lactic acid) products

Materials Science-Poland
Volume 41 (2023): Issue 1 (March 2023)
By:
Open Access
|Aug 2023

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1.

PLA test samples printed in different colours
PLA test samples printed in different colours

Fig. 2.

Bending curves for natural samples
Bending curves for natural samples

Fig. 3.

Flexural strength of the tested materials
Flexural strength of the tested materials

Fig. 4.

Flexural modulus of the tested materials
Flexural modulus of the tested materials

Fig. 5.

Compression curves for natural samples
Compression curves for natural samples

Fig. 6.

Compressive strength of the tested materials
Compressive strength of the tested materials

Fig. 7.

Compression modulus of the tested materials
Compression modulus of the tested materials

Fig. 8.

Impact strength of the tested materials
Impact strength of the tested materials

Fig. 9.

Vicat softening point of the tested materials
Vicat softening point of the tested materials

Fig. 10.

The course of the DSC curves for the tested materials for the first heating (respectively from the bottom: natural, white, yellow, orange, red, magenta, green leaf, sky blue, dark blue, silver, iron gray, black)
The course of the DSC curves for the tested materials for the first heating (respectively from the bottom: natural, white, yellow, orange, red, magenta, green leaf, sky blue, dark blue, silver, iron gray, black)

Fig. 11.

DSC curve of the first heating at a constant rate of 10 K/min for the natural sample – two temperature peaks can be observed appearing in the melting area
DSC curve of the first heating at a constant rate of 10 K/min for the natural sample – two temperature peaks can be observed appearing in the melting area

Fig. 12.

DSC curve of cooling at a constant rate of 10 K/min for black and natural samples; in the case of black, one can observe an exothermic peak characteristic of the crystallisation process
DSC curve of cooling at a constant rate of 10 K/min for black and natural samples; in the case of black, one can observe an exothermic peak characteristic of the crystallisation process

Summary of the data produced from DSC testing of first heating scan for the PLA filaments considered including heat capacity (Cp) at temperature of glass transition, glass transition temperature (Tg), cold crystallisation temperature (Tc), enthalpy of cold crystallisation (ΔHc), melting temperature (Tm), enthalpy of melting (ΔHm) and degree of crystallinity (X)

I heating
J/(g*K) ΔCp°C Tg°C TcJ/g ΔHc°C Tm1°C Tm2J/g ΔHm% X
natural1,46363,4106,429,24162,5153,943,3413,2
white0,88461,898,224,55160,6149,640,9815,4
silver0,93065,2103,125,91152,8 35,959,5
iron gray0,55564,0101,824,33153,0 38,1013,0
black0,75264,6101,418,31155,0148,036,2016,8
green leaf1,62264,6106,028,63152,5 35,256,2
yellow1,46165,5103,419,98151,8 39,6718,5
orange1,42565,7100,221,74153,7 34,3911,9
red1,32764,8101,327,88155,2148,332,674,5
magenta1,14966,295,021,60161,9 38,8816,2
sky blue0,93366,196,028,05162,8 38,9910,3
dark blue0,99564,397,130,12162,8 40,179,4

Table of R2 coefficients between the parameters determined in the DSC test and the mechanical properties of the tested materials

bending modulus [MPa]flexural strength [MPa]compress. modulus [MPa]compress. strength [MPa]impact strength [kJ/m2]Vicat softening temp. [C]
X [%]0,200,010,010,020,020,07
Tg0,150,040,160,380,000,27
Tc (I)0,080,010,000,000,000,04
Tc (II)0,030,000,300,040,030,02
Tm1 (I)0,010,080,070,060,020,00
Tm1 (II)0,090,040,170,040,030,02
Cp0,000,170,110,010,010,02
Hc (I)0,100,030,080,000,010,11
Hm (I)0,070,140,060,070,110,00
Hc (II)0,000,000,010,030,010,11
Hm (II)0,110,010,030,020,000,20

Parameters for printing test samples set on the HBOT 3D F300 printer

parametersize
Working table temperature [°C]60
Nozzle temperature [°C]235
Nozzle diameter [mm]0,60
Layer height [mm]0,30
Sample filling degree [%]100
Filling typerectangular
Printing directionhorizontal
Print speed [mm/s]50

Table of R2 coefficients between the parameters determined in the DSC study

X [%]TgTc (I)Tc (II)Tm1 (I)Tm1 (II)CpHc (I)Hm (I)Hc (II)Hm (II)
X [%]1,00
Tg0,001,00
Tc (I)0,030,061,00
Tc (II)0,360,160,111,00
Tm1 (I)0,010,030,330,001,00
Tm1 (II)0,000,020,140,190,711,00
Cp0,060,040,190,060,020,001,00
Hc (I)0,570,060,010,450,160,210,031,00
Hm (I)0,280,170,010,000,410,250,010,021,00
Hc (II)0,000,020,410,040,140,000,150,030,041,00
Hm (II)0,080,010,190,410,010,160,200,050,020,661,00

Determined wma and wra parameters for the tested materials

ΔcpXwmawra
[J/gK]---
natural1,4630,130,730,14
white0,8840,160,440,40
silver0,9300,090,470,44
iron gray0,5550,130,280,59
black0,7520,160,380,46
green leaf1,6220,060,810,13
yellow1,4610,190,730,08
orange1,4250,120,710,17
red1,3270,050,660,29
magenta1,1490,170,570,26
sky blue0,9330,100,470,43
dark blue0,9950,090,500,41

Summary of the data produced from DSC testing of second heating scan for the PLA filaments considered including cold crystallisation temperature (Tc), enthalpy of cold crystallisation (ΔHc), melting temperature (Tm) and enthalpy of melting (ΔHm)

II heating
°C TcJ/g ΔHc°C Tm1*°C Tm2**J/g ΔHm
natural131,43,575158,6 3,564
white124,344,900155,7159,242,360
silver126,315,340152,9 16,430
iron gray124,325,780152,2 25,130
black102,717,240150,4153,942,500
green leaf126,614,210152,6 13,570
yellow105,920,850149,2 38,360
orange122,233,090152,1 28,490
red127,713,560153,8 13,140
magenta116,512,110159,4 7,293
sky blue113,147,870155,2161,346,310
dark blue118,452,560155,5160,945,020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/msp-2023-0015 | Journal eISSN: 2083-134X | Journal ISSN: 2083-1331
Journal RSS Feed
Language: English
Page range: 177 - 190
Submitted on: Mar 22, 2023
Accepted on: Jun 25, 2023
Published on: Aug 25, 2023
Published by: Sciendo
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 times per year
Keywords:
PLA,
pigments,
mechanical properties,
DSC,
colours,
thermal properties
Related subjects:
Materials sciences,
Materials sciences, other,
Nanomaterials,
Functional and smart materials,
Materials characterization and properties

© 2023 Jacek Iwko, Tomasz Jaruga, Oliwia Trzaska, Tomasz Stachowiak, published by Sciendo
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.

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