Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Fig. 8
![HA powder feedstock: SEM image of HA particles indicating particle size (A); TEM image of the HA powder particle with the corresponding indexed microelectron diffraction pattern with zone axis [011] (B); XRD pattern of HA powder (C). SEM, scanning electron microscopy; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; XRD, X-ray diffraction](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6472535b215d2f6c89dc424a/j_msp-2022-0043_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKPK6XBCLZ%2F20251218%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251218T210545Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEM%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQC5IapmjE9leG6%2BEpdKoWvUxIWqvVneJPvINGhTdZ56KQIgTi%2B%2FnJVeSeUqHXBvoYiKBfWCnpNXaaHW1xQFpiB6AyoqxQUImP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDGQN8wGEXIi439vPISqZBePSk8M5DhhwtlnaaDWzDCn5wW9Mo%2BDOJHvfv6Yxdo%2F8cfGoKek3FRK%2FqJjWQl5D41sZ%2BKQTYBATqR%2BEKPuyuUyTxOEFQCBiq5unnaUzrSB0sp0lDnJR0UtDfDMly0dkTAzQOUEX8p8SXeIOxBcbj05rcU9UE0N6PgnmeSORqCevB4yE23EnVMeUc7hYzPaUrXIGhQRGeHwbpld30loKwxz2b3NcyS8DmXRtWDoAnDTYy%2F5kE2K%2Fm4beeyem6grl%2BUztZGilGQosS2zdkE5Wuuf2n1GhrFIJr8NUVtxwTJwHo2SYxiXlO%2BqNx%2FR9V0dx1JJqRqHNfycu%2BcnAByrbI0OlQN%2FIUrfmVmwsuZ6AqKNPOnUesHH8dTNip9W9aG8zBC51vsORSHNcDjIeTnHMS2SInFsKIqIWobMcoNVLjRnR0HJCtoJquauCO302t48EFsEWzCngq892GEN4kri%2B0wG0qCqPsusXsW7oYeOJuTJSV7ztAonLrk%2FAP4NSMqFaynDHRfjHjr%2FeyRajRzTVF%2BO%2FBft283pgQpJZqlhI3pad5dahbPhumY9iFopRiQSuv%2Bmunh06a4eVSW8Y16adpBpYf36FBPFfwe3N%2BndglOSZ2Cv%2BSr9thP3WzT7WYoallENbHQxzv2hZbMcvhy%2BTwFFZNvcCkLDvZZgrtDOME%2BB%2BMwGYxA4NMTuq3P%2BALXIBdRO8IIvRuCoMnbLgThzUOVtTCyLsbV0khxARTifx9Swk5lxh%2B%2F0I87ZSk4yz1kzGHYEceskyg0boZ8QiD%2BhSG3Pd8WJ2TPgXOBdNdTtGAPmr%2BYOoSAqGeEtdhIONrJOZHm8Jxl1nulIaxXFGr%2BVylPz893MoUbmWJL6mBjzQnrkYW40Zp2sLIP5dMMKkkMoGOrEBFAHJ8ygy0Tj%2FyxVN7D8JpjLNsktY4xEhpnwHdcw9CAbDZ3a951BRru0cPevHs1bWjAFCPa%2FchdSMGvdUHzd7i8JV0g%2Be5DqKmJ%2Bg95krVSZUpSByslXsgY%2F4N0yBlUgo3u1HqeWE3bdi0uFVXYuK8NK4%2FLqPNqKB3hgEb9SzYytPrSqYHfc3Itj0bZ7gUfs%2FEaWUPblLtZiHf2NEkNyxOMdQcO519sz2roSsga1Gi4%2B5&X-Amz-Signature=5b8eb245441af98f2f7402a4b26484b4310e33f4cfaa971a4a66bfa496e6c901&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 9

Fig. 10

Chemical composition of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy (powder) according to ISO 5832-3
| Element | Wt.% of element |
|---|---|
| Fe | <0.3 |
| N | <0.05 |
| O | <0.2 |
| Al | 5.5–6.75 |
| C | <0.08 |
| V | 3.5–4.5 |
| H | <0.015 |
| Ti | Balance |







![HA powder feedstock: SEM image of HA particles indicating particle size (A); TEM image of the HA powder particle with the corresponding indexed microelectron diffraction pattern with zone axis [011] (B); XRD pattern of HA powder (C). SEM, scanning electron microscopy; TEM, transmission electron microscopy; XRD, X-ray diffraction](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/6472535b215d2f6c89dc424a/j_msp-2022-0043_fig_008.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKPK6XBCLZ%2F20251218%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20251218T210545Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEM%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJHMEUCIQC5IapmjE9leG6%2BEpdKoWvUxIWqvVneJPvINGhTdZ56KQIgTi%2B%2FnJVeSeUqHXBvoYiKBfWCnpNXaaHW1xQFpiB6AyoqxQUImP%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FARACGgw5NjMxMzQyODk5NDAiDGQN8wGEXIi439vPISqZBePSk8M5DhhwtlnaaDWzDCn5wW9Mo%2BDOJHvfv6Yxdo%2F8cfGoKek3FRK%2FqJjWQl5D41sZ%2BKQTYBATqR%2BEKPuyuUyTxOEFQCBiq5unnaUzrSB0sp0lDnJR0UtDfDMly0dkTAzQOUEX8p8SXeIOxBcbj05rcU9UE0N6PgnmeSORqCevB4yE23EnVMeUc7hYzPaUrXIGhQRGeHwbpld30loKwxz2b3NcyS8DmXRtWDoAnDTYy%2F5kE2K%2Fm4beeyem6grl%2BUztZGilGQosS2zdkE5Wuuf2n1GhrFIJr8NUVtxwTJwHo2SYxiXlO%2BqNx%2FR9V0dx1JJqRqHNfycu%2BcnAByrbI0OlQN%2FIUrfmVmwsuZ6AqKNPOnUesHH8dTNip9W9aG8zBC51vsORSHNcDjIeTnHMS2SInFsKIqIWobMcoNVLjRnR0HJCtoJquauCO302t48EFsEWzCngq892GEN4kri%2B0wG0qCqPsusXsW7oYeOJuTJSV7ztAonLrk%2FAP4NSMqFaynDHRfjHjr%2FeyRajRzTVF%2BO%2FBft283pgQpJZqlhI3pad5dahbPhumY9iFopRiQSuv%2Bmunh06a4eVSW8Y16adpBpYf36FBPFfwe3N%2BndglOSZ2Cv%2BSr9thP3WzT7WYoallENbHQxzv2hZbMcvhy%2BTwFFZNvcCkLDvZZgrtDOME%2BB%2BMwGYxA4NMTuq3P%2BALXIBdRO8IIvRuCoMnbLgThzUOVtTCyLsbV0khxARTifx9Swk5lxh%2B%2F0I87ZSk4yz1kzGHYEceskyg0boZ8QiD%2BhSG3Pd8WJ2TPgXOBdNdTtGAPmr%2BYOoSAqGeEtdhIONrJOZHm8Jxl1nulIaxXFGr%2BVylPz893MoUbmWJL6mBjzQnrkYW40Zp2sLIP5dMMKkkMoGOrEBFAHJ8ygy0Tj%2FyxVN7D8JpjLNsktY4xEhpnwHdcw9CAbDZ3a951BRru0cPevHs1bWjAFCPa%2FchdSMGvdUHzd7i8JV0g%2Be5DqKmJ%2Bg95krVSZUpSByslXsgY%2F4N0yBlUgo3u1HqeWE3bdi0uFVXYuK8NK4%2FLqPNqKB3hgEb9SzYytPrSqYHfc3Itj0bZ7gUfs%2FEaWUPblLtZiHf2NEkNyxOMdQcO519sz2roSsga1Gi4%2B5&X-Amz-Signature=5b8eb245441af98f2f7402a4b26484b4310e33f4cfaa971a4a66bfa496e6c901&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)


| Element | Wt.% of element |
|---|---|
| Fe | <0.3 |
| N | <0.05 |
| O | <0.2 |
| Al | 5.5–6.75 |
| C | <0.08 |
| V | 3.5–4.5 |
| H | <0.015 |
| Ti | Balance |
© 2023 Albina Kadyroldina, Darya Alontseva, Sergey Voinarovych, Leszek Łatka, Oleksandr Kyslytsia, Bagdat Azamatov, Aleksandr Khozhanov, Nadezhda Prokhorenkova, Almira Zhilkashinova, Svitlana Burburska, published by Wroclaw University of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 License.