Fig. 1
Fig. 2
![Diagram of spinning a noncircular cross-section [3]](https://sciendo-parsed.s3.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/647252e0215d2f6c89dc41fd/j_msp-2022-0012_fig_002.jpg?X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Content-Sha256=UNSIGNED-PAYLOAD&X-Amz-Credential=ASIA6AP2G7AKCG7SYKZR%2F20260218%2Feu-central-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Date=20260218T104826Z&X-Amz-Expires=3600&X-Amz-Security-Token=IQoJb3JpZ2luX2VjEJr%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2F%2FwEaDGV1LWNlbnRyYWwtMSJIMEYCIQCi7cugRkQXm7GiWw6nKcGUyol8X5JichXZ95CRAG%2F%2B8wIhANT8lAFOVigyuMaVbXa1ECfMLWefKdIWGEYw%2BDEn7X7GKr0FCGQQAhoMOTYzMTM0Mjg5OTQwIgyXFvLCwhkrJny9TCwqmgWxieUD8MjNUrgZE3%2FaLd55b7S39RNA%2B%2BrxYN89t1tSMTjOUt8hkikVNdFEAHDeQzMV5hh4cWzKvG6OOxHBDGTt2Oa6BQngqAWlfkr%2FFoAKsltPIjNEbapB7KTgiCzoehfGBlzX2QuVZFsKfKuSUl%2BTeinZHb6kJzn6T3xwgbTM8dkmNbZUL9V2HAe3kSgc3csnvGw1fzODKcPHpGG1Aolcd%2BIczPGYtEyxdDffUZ5v6JKQR135ihId29YIhVR5tDZfmbkMLjMIJHQoQSkejcK1gm%2FOGmhTCjyr3Oprvz7SAepAfKflZtY0SKYL4sV16TG4RNwixEcy0D3gj%2F2h22%2FIH2Ghu1xsRXxW0hz3%2FN1vfhqgiHDzzdwwpRysIHjwtUHqWhChz98JcbuVf0lMNQthPa%2B6RrhhQYxGKEBohDm2mjoPFTys9FAZf6vJA1IEhf3NnFJ7T9nhcxraMt8Tzgk1DI1wen8F9KOk5fp3wmw8VIiZLt14glIwpPsi2PdfubzZjn0Y8AuS8HO3pusr0HB4y0eVDh%2BKLbrb5N0si3HXNMoJa6yObPy%2B%2Fo7o%2BSVTb%2BwMTxAq4UHyY2Jdc8NNJzHslrtunnKAHSpDF7AZDggUS8TEeahLtJ4LirIaR02QQBHzgxrLyNPxjDAszwfCcswDZPTBRlPoDiR3pTuOf8sCu0wm6S3BOtuNB1yY8eDWS6kWJicUBb7mIC92ePSafrUeIi9zdA%2BqTZ5Lsy%2FaaMNpAfDPvRVJIPbme9YnD46MPos1YtU0e%2BALItgiOwYzecoi%2BHvnPFpa1lor2STFeXLBtCEtHRUoyNhO8qGXSnVJGcZLUTjqtgvSnxLqfKPH07OZhMylICdAaT3jhHXf0OIt4ABBTm3yyHreApwwpKbWzAY6sAFbBCE0Ap9wiGpVvmwnqXUJr9RdtSO83hPn0icKglhbpTfi2Y1J%2FX1xTqoKe8igzC4jhYRwPHb7vSyxHZfykUJlnCRgNhwWF%2FUkagoN%2BLhUPg4Jwa4tJEf67wYmuI0W0VsDcK%2BM2U0AnvA7BlMdzirc%2Fo2uXIlr8NOiehziNoxIpiLJUxhdr6SqdpWPsISEDYoJbZoWXrf91IEvinvDn3mVe3WH9tXy8dL0%2BNQyb9l0ow%3D%3D&X-Amz-Signature=fa4c0902da87014396d66622cc046ad2ef2685a52df37f46e560a74de407d5f3&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&x-amz-checksum-mode=ENABLED&x-id=GetObject)
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
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Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Thickness measurements for the square drawpiece spun by Method 3 (negative values are the result of compressive strains of the material)
| Height (mm) | Measurement | PRT | m | s | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | A | −1.2% | −1.5% | −1.4% | −1.6% | −1.4% | 0.00 |
| B | −6.0% | −2.0% | −3.2% | −1.2% | −3.1% | 0.02 | |
| 15 | A | 5.7% | 5.7% | 4.0% | 12.0% | 6.8% | 0.04 |
| B | 6.8% | 0.4% | 7.2% | 8.8% | 5.8% | 0.04 | |
| 30 | A | 2.0% | 2.8% | 4.8% | 2.0% | 2.9% | 0.01 |
| B | 8.8% | 6.0% | 8.4% | 2.8% | 6.5% | 0.03 | |
| 45 | A | 2.0% | 2.8% | 4.8% | 2.0% | 2.9% | 0.01 |
| B | −1.6% | 1.2% | −0.4% | 0.0% | −0.2% | 0.01 | |
Thickness measurements: ellipse, 15 mm from frontal area
| Item no. | Angle (°) | Measurement | PRT | m | s | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 18 | A | 0.5% | 0.5% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.00 |
| B | 0.5% | 0.5% | 0.5% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 0.7% | 0.00 | ||
| C | 0.0% | 1.0% | 0.5% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 1.0% | 0.8% | 0.00 | ||
| 2 | 30 | A | 4.5% | 8.0% | 8.5% | 6.5% | 7.0% | 4.5% | 6.5% | 0.02 |
| B | 5.0% | 8.5% | 8.5% | 7.0% | 8.0% | 5.5% | 7.1% | 0.02 | ||
| C | 4.0% | 10.5% | 9.5% | 7.5% | 6.5% | 5.0% | 7.2% | 0.03 | ||
| 3 | 45 | A | 13.0% | 14.0% | 14.5% | 12.0% | 9.5% | 4.5% | 11.3% | 0.04 |
| B | 15.5% | 14.0% | 12.5% | 10.0% | 9.5% | 6.0% | 11.3% | 0.03 | ||
| C | 7.5% | 8.5% | 7.5% | 7.0% | 5.5% | 3.5% | 6.6% | 0.02 | ||
| 4 | 68 | A | 13.5% | 22.5% | 29.0% | 28.5% | 22.5% | 19.5% | 22.6% | 0.06 |
| B | 19.5% | 30.0% | 30.0% | 22.5% | 18.5% | 17.0% | 22.9% | 0.06 | ||
| C | 17.5% | 28.5% | 27.5% | 19.5% | 12.0% | 11.5% | 19.4% | 0.07 | ||
| 5 | 90 | A | 14.0% | 22.0% | 34.0% | 35.5% | 21.0% | 10.5% | 22.8% | 0.10 |
| B | 26.0% | 35.0% | 44.0% | 38.5% | 24.5% | 16.5% | 30.8% | 0.10 | ||
| C | 51.0% | 55.5% | 51.5% | 47.5% | 36.5% | 11.5% | 42.3% | 0.16 | ||
Thickness measurements for the square drawpiece spun by Method 2
| Height (mm) | Measurement | PRT | m | s | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5 | A | 9.3% | 14.7% | 13.3% | 13.3% | 12.7% | 0.02 |
| B | 0.0% | 7.3% | 6.0% | 8.0% | 5.3% | 0.04 | |
| 15 | A | 39.3% | 50.7% | 45.3% | 38.0% | 43.3% | 0.06 |
| B | 26.7% | 36.7% | 39.3% | 40.0% | 35.7% | 0.06 | |
| 30 | A | 44.7% | 68.0% | 10.7% | 6.7% | 32.5% | 0.29 |
| B | 45.3% | 50.0% | 51.3% | 49.3% | 49.0% | 0.03 | |
Strength of material depending on angle-to-rolling direction
| Angle (°) | Rp0.2 (MPa) | Rm (MPa) | A80mm (%) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0 | 37.0 | 72.7 | 47.2 |
| 45 | 38.6 | 78.9 | 46.7 |
| 90 | 37.5 | 68.9 | 53.3 |