Physico-mechanical properties, structure, and phase composition of (BeO + TiO2)-ceramics containing TiO2 nanoparticles (0.1–2.0 wt.%)

Alexandr Pavlov; Zhuldyz Sagdoldina; Askar Kassymov; Ainur Seitkanova; Bauyrzhan Rakhadilov; Aidar Kengesbekov

doi:10.2478/msp-2022-0003

Figures & Tables

Micrographs of beryllium oxide powder crystals, with a specific surface of 11,000 cm2/g. (A) 2,000× magnification; (B) 500× magnification

Micrographs of micron titanium dioxide powders. (A) 5× magnification; (B) 20× magnification

Micrograph of TiO2 nanoparticles obtained through the electric explosion of a conductor. (A) 400× magnification; (B) 100× magnification

Appearance of blanks sintered at 1,550°C, which are made, respectively, of ceramic to which TiO2 nanoparticles (1.0%) have been added and serial ceramic BT-30 material

Graph indicating the dependence of the change in the microhardness of samples on the content of nanoparticles (0.1%–2.0%)

Microstructure of BT-30 ceramic sample (BeO + 30 wt.% TiO2) obtained from the initial BeO and TiO2 powders having micron sizes: light – TiO2; dark – BeO. (A) Magnification 300×; (B) Magnification 900×

Distribution of particle by size and quantity. Microstructure of BT-30 ceramics

Evolution of the microstructure of ceramics having a composition of BeO + 29.0%TiO2μm+1.0%TiO2nano {\rm BeO}~+~29.0\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 1.0\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano} under the influence of various temperatures

Distribution of particle by size and quantity. Microstructure of BeO + 29.0%TiO2μm+1.0%TiO2nano {\rm BeO}~+~29.0\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 1.0\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano} ceramics. T= 1,550°C

Maps of phase distribution in ceramics of composition BeO + 28.5%TiO2μm+1.5%TiO2nano {\rm BeO}~+~28.5\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 1.5\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano} . T= 1,550°C

Point energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis of the grain structure of BeO + 28.5%TiO2μm+1.5%TiO2nano {\rm BeO}~+~28.5\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 1.5\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano} ceramics. T = 1,550°C

X-ray diffraction patterns of the studied ceramics

The concentration of tetragonal and orthorhombic phases in the studied ceramics, depending on the number of introduced TiO2 nanoparticles at the sintering temperature of T = 1,550°C

Main characteristics of the TiO2 micron powder used

No.	Name of indicators	Indicator value
No.	Name of indicators	TC requirements, %	Analysis results
1	Mass fraction of titanium dioxide, %, no less	99	99.5
2	Mass fraction of rutile form, %, no less	97	100
3	Mass fraction of iron compounds in terms of Fe₂O₃, %, no more	0.08	0.05
4	Mass fraction of phosphorus compounds in terms of P₂O₅, %, no more	0.03	0.03
5	Mass fraction of sulfur compounds in terms of SiO₃, %, no more	0.03	0.01
6	Mass fraction for silicon compounds in terms of SiO₂, %, no more	0.15	0.15
7	Mass fraction of “metallic iron”, %, no more	0.02	0.01
8	Specific surface, cm²/g, within	3,300–4,600	4,060

Change in apparent density from the sintering temperature of (BeO + TiO2)-ceramics with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles within 0_1–2_0 wt_%

Batch No.	Sintering temperature, °C	Composition of the ceramics	Density, g/cm³
BT-30	1,530	BeO+30.0%TiO2μm {\rm BeO} + 30.0\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}}	3.2
B1	1,520	BeO+29.9%TiO2μm+0.1% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 29.9\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 0.1\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.11
		BeO+29.5%TiO2μm+0.5% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 29.5\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 0.5\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.13
		BeO+29.0%TiO2μm+1.0% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 29.0\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 1.0\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.15
		BeO+28.5%TiO2μm+1.5% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 28.5\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 1.5\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.15
		BeO+ 28.0%TiO2μm+2.0% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} +~28.0\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 2.0\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.16
B2		BeO+29.9%TiO2μm+0.1% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 29.9\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 0.1\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.23
		BeO+29.5%TiO2μm+0.5% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 29.5\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 0.5\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.23
		BeO+29.0%TiO2μm+1.0% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 29.0\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 1.0\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.23
		BeO+28.5%TiO2μm+1.5% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 28.5\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 1.5\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.22
		BeO+28.0%TiO2μm+2.0% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 28.0\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 2.0\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.23
B3		BeO+29.9%TiO2μm+0.1% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 29.9\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 0.1\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.22
		BeO+29.5%TiO2μm+0.5% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 29.5\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 0.5\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.23
		BeO+29.0%TiO2μm+1.0% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 29.0\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 1.0\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.22
		BeO+28.5%TiO2μm+1.5% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 28.5\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 1.5\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.22
		BeO+28.0%TiO2μm+2.0% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 28.0\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 2.0\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.22
B4		BeO+29.9%TiO2μm+0.1% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 29.9\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 0.1\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.22
		BeO+29.5%TiO2μm+0.5% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 29.5\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 0.5\% \ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.23
		BeO+29.0%TiO2μm+1.0% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 29.0\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} +1.0\%\ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.22
		BeO+28.5%TiO2μm+1.5% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 28.5\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 1.5\% \ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.23
		BeO+28.0%TiO2μm+2.0% TiO2nano {\rm BeO} + 28.0\% {\rm TiO}_2^{\mu{}{\rm m}} + 2.0\% \ {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano}	3.22

Water absorption, and open, total, and closed porosities of BeO ceramics, depending on the content of TiO2nano {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano} (0_1%–2_0%)

Batch No.	Water absorption, %	Porosity, %
Batch No.	Water absorption, %	Open	Total	Closed
BT-30	0.03	0.10	7.076	6.977
B1	0.06	0.187	5.92	5.73
B2	0.05	0.165	5.329	5.164
B3	0.07	0.211	5.329	5.118
B4	0.06	0.186	5.031	4.845
B5	0.07	0.217	4.126	3.909

The main characteristics of the used BeO powder grade “B2”

Characteristic, batch number		b 67
Bulk density, ρ_o × 10³ kg/m³		0.77
Specific surface S, cm²/g		11,000
Moisture, wt.%		0.08
Element-by-element impurities content, wt.%	Boron	1.7 × 10⁻⁵
	Silicon	7.3 × 10⁻³
	Manganese	8.2 × 10⁻⁴
	Ferrum	5.1 × 10⁻²
	Magnesium	5.2 × 10⁻³
	Chromium	1.0 × 10⁻²
	Nickel	1.1 × 10⁻²
	Aluminum	3.2 × 10⁻²
	Copper	8.0 × 10⁻⁴
	Zinc	7.5 × 10⁻³
	Calcium	4.2 × 10⁻³
	Silver	1.1 × 10⁻⁵
	Cadmium	1.2 × 10⁻⁵
	Lithium	6.7 × 10⁻⁴
	Natrium	8.7 × 10⁻³
Amount of impurities, wt.%		0.14

Physico-mechanical properties, structure, and phase composition of (BeO + TiO2)-ceramics containing TiO2 nanoparticles (0.1–2.0 wt.%)

Figures & Tables

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Main characteristics of the TiO2 micron powder used

Change in apparent density from the sintering temperature of (BeO + TiO2)-ceramics with the addition of TiO2 nanoparticles within 0_1–2_0 wt_%

Water absorption, and open, total, and closed porosities of BeO ceramics, depending on the content of TiO2nano {\rm TiO}_2^{\rm nano} (0_1%–2_0%)

The main characteristics of the used BeO powder grade “B2”

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