Fig. 1
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Fig. 10
The results of the ANOVA test performed for the lattice strain
| Source | Sum of squares | DF | Mean square | F-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | 0.1630 | 10 | 0.0163 | 2.49 | 0.0499 |
| MT | 0.0855 | 1 | 0.0855 | 13.08 | 0.0023 |
| BPMR | 0.0128 | 1 | 0.0128 | 1.96 | 0.1807 |
| MS | 0.0147 | 1 | 0.0147 | 2.25 | 0.1532 |
| CC | 0.0092 | 1 | 0.0092 | 1.41 | 0.2518 |
| (MT) × (BPMR) | 0.0074 | 1 | 0.0074 | 1.13 | 0.3032 |
| (MT) × (MS) | 0.0298 | 1 | 0.0298 | 4.55 | 0.0487 |
| (MT) × (CC) | 0.0013 | 1 | 0.0013 | 0.1983 | 0.6621 |
| (BPMR) × (MS) | 0.0019 | 1 | 0.0019 | 0.2962 | 0.5938 |
| (BPMR) × (CC) | 0.0003 | 1 | 0.0003 | 0.0442 | 0.8361 |
| (MS) × (CC) | 0.0001 | 1 | 0.0001 | 0.0169 | 0.8983 |
| Residual | 0.1046 | 16 | 0.0065 | ||
| Lack of fit | 0.1045 | 14 | 0.0075 | 355.54 | 0.0028 |
| Pure error | 0.0000 | 2 | 0.0000 | ||
| Total | 0.2676 | 26 |
The results of ANOVA test performed for the RD
| Source | Sum of squares | DF | Mean square | F-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | 274.0800 | 10 | 27.4100 | 12.2300 | <0.0001 |
| MT | 50.7600 | 1 | 50.7600 | 22.6400 | 0.0002 |
| BPMR | 37.1000 | 1 | 37.1000 | 16.5500 | 0.0009 |
| MS | 102.2000 | 1 | 102.2000 | 45.5900 | <0.0001 |
| CC | 50.0200 | 1 | 50.0200 | 22.3100 | 0.0002 |
| (MT) × (BPMR) | 6.4300 | 1 | 6.4300 | 2.8700 | 0.1098 |
| (MT) × (MS) | 0.5041 | 1 | 0.5041 | 0.2249 | 0.6418 |
| (MT) × (CC) | 19.7600 | 1 | 19.7600 | 8.8100 | 0.0090 |
| (BPMR) × (MS) | 3.1000 | 1 | 3.1000 | 1.3800 | 0.2570 |
| (BPMR) × (CC) | 3.4800 | 1 | 3.4800 | 1.5500 | 0.2308 |
| (MS) × (CC) | 0.7396 | 1 | 0.7396 | 0.3299 | 0.5737 |
| Residual | 35.8700 | 16 | 2.2400 | ||
| Lack of fit | 35.6100 | 14 | 2.5400 | 20.1700 | 0.0482 |
| Pure error | 0.2522 | 2 | 0.1261 | ||
| Total | 309.9500 | 26 |
Design input parameters (MT, MS, BPMR, and CC) and experimental results (RD, crystallite size, and lattice strain) obtained in the present study
| Exp. no. | Alloy code | MT, h | BPMR, n | MS, rev/min | CC, wt% | RD, % | Crystallite size (from Fe peak), nm | Lattice strain (from Fe peak), % |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | BD0-1 | 5.5 | 10 | 100 | 0 | 71.65 | 37.0 | 0.3120 |
| 2 | BD0-2 | 5.5 | 10 | 300 | 0 | 65.94 | 28.0 | 0.3340 |
| 3 | BD0-3 | 1.0 | 10 | 200 | 0 | 66.63 | 32.0 | 0.3030 |
| 4 | BD0-4 | 10.0 | 10 | 200 | 0 | 67.76 | 25.0 | 0.3730 |
| 5 | BD0-5 | 5.5 | 5 | 200 | 0 | 67.99 | 44.0 | 0.2850 |
| 6 | BD0-6 | 5.5 | 15 | 200 | 0 | 68.53 | 25.0 | 0.3760 |
| 7 | BD5-1 | 1.0 | 5 | 200 | 5 | 75.04 | 58.0 | 0.1650 |
| 8 | BD5-2 | 10.0 | 5 | 200 | 5 | 72.66 | 18.0 | 0.5070 |
| 9 | BD5-3 | 1.0 | 15 | 200 | 5 | 73.49 | 38.0 | 0.2480 |
| 10 | BD5-4 | 10.0 | 15 | 200 | 5 | 66.04 | 22.0 | 0.4180 |
| 11 | BD5-5 | 5.5 | 5 | 100 | 5 | 75.46 | 58.0 | 0.1650 |
| 12 | BD5-6 | 5.5 | 15 | 100 | 5 | 72.08 | 28.0 | 0.3340 |
| 13 | BD5-7 | 5.5 | 5 | 300 | 5 | 71.20 | 41.0 | 0.2740 |
| 14 | BD5-8 | 5.5 | 15 | 300 | 5 | 64.30 | 26.0 | 0.3550 |
| 15 | BD5-9 | 1.0 | 10 | 100 | 5 | 75.19 | 58.0 | 0.1670 |
| 16 | BD5-10 | 10.0 | 10 | 100 | 5 | 71.79 | 17.0 | 0.5560 |
| 17 | BD5-11 | 1.0 | 10 | 300 | 5 | 70.98 | 21.0 | 0.4610 |
| 18 | BD5-12 | 10.0 | 10 | 300 | 5 | 66.16 | 18.0 | 0.5050 |
| 19 | BD5-13 | 5.5 | 10 | 200 | 5 | 69.66 | 22.0 | 0.4180 |
| 20 | BD10-1 | 5.5 | 10 | 100 | 10 | 75.23 | 25.0 | 0.3740 |
| 21 | BD10-2 | 5.5 | 10 | 300 | 10 | 67.80 | 23.0 | 0.4080 |
| 22 | BD10-3 | 1.0 | 10 | 200 | 10 | 75.08 | 33.0 | 0.3360 |
| 23 | BD10-4 | 10.0 | 10 | 200 | 10 | 67.32 | 28.0 | 0.3340 |
| 24 | BD10-5 | 5.5 | 5 | 200 | 10 | 75.38 | 23.0 | 0.4080 |
| 25 | BD10-6 | 5.5 | 15 | 200 | 10 | 72.19 | 24.0 | 0.4580 |
| 26 | BD5-13R | 5.5 | 10 | 200 | 5 | 68.99 | 22.0 | 0.4180 |
| 27 | BD5-13R | 5.5 | 10 | 200 | 5 | 69.12 | 22.0 | 0.4180 |
The results of particle size analysis for selected alloys
| Alloy code | Average particle size, nm | Standard deviation, nm | % intensity (main peak) | PDI |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BD5-1 | 1,477.00 | 480.50 | 96.50 | 0.33 |
| BD5-2 | 655.40 | 220.30 | 91.20 | 0.49 |
| BD5-4 | 327.10 | 53.28 | 100.00 | 0.52 |
| BD5-9 | 1,274.00 | 315.90 | 96.20 | 0.42 |
| BD5-10 | 638.70 | 214.10 | 91.10 | 0.41 |
| BD5-11 | 499.50 | 129.40 | 99.10 | 0.35 |
The results of the ANOVA test performed for the crystallite size
| Source | Sum of squares | DF | Mean square | F-value | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model | 2.696 × 105 | 10 | 26,963.56 | 3.89 | 0.0079 |
| MT | 1.025 × 105 | 1 | 1.025 × 105 | 14.78 | 0.0014 |
| BPMR | 56,033.33 | 1 | 56,033.33 | 8.08 | 0.0118 |
| MS | 33,920.33 | 1 | 33,920.33 | 4.89 | 0.0419 |
| CC | 12,610.08 | 1 | 12,610.08 | 1.82 | 0.1963 |
| (MT) × (BPMR) | 14,520.25 | 1 | 14,520.25 | 2.09 | 0.1672 |
| (MT) × (MS) | 36,100.00 | 1 | 36,100.00 | 5.20 | 0.0366 |
| (MT) × (CC) | 144.00 | 1 | 144.00 | 0.0208 | 0.8872 |
| (BPMR) × (MS) | 5,402.25 | 1 | 5,402.25 | 0.7789 | 0.3906 |
| (BPMR) × (CC) | 7,225.00 | 1 | 7,225.00 | 1.04 | 0.3226 |
| (MS) × (CC) | 1,190.25 | 1 | 1,190.25 | 0.1716 | 0.6842 |
| Residual | 1.110E × 105 | 16 | 6,936.07 | ||
| Lack of Fit | 1.109E × 105 | 14 | 7,923.37 | 316.93 | 0.0031 |
| Pure Error | 50.00 | 2 | 25.00 | ||
| Total | 3.806 × 105 | 26 |