Stimulated autogenous-healing capacity of fiber-reinforced mortar incorporating healing agents for recovery against fracture and mechanical properties

Abdul Salam Buller; Fahad-ul-Rehman Abro; Tariq Ali; Sadam Hussain Jakhrani; Abdul Hafeez Buller; Zain Ul-Abdin

doi:10.2478/msp-2021-0009

Figures & Tables

Test set-up using (a) three-PBT and (b) for estimating the fracture toughness in three-PBT apparatus by RILEM [22]. PBT, point bending test.

(a) Load vs. CMOD response during the three-PBT and (b) microscopic analysis for measuring crack width before and after the self-healing process. CMOD, crack mouth opening displacement; PBT, point bending test.

Stress vs. CMOD response for estimation of fracture energy based on the area under the curve considering actual crack healing. CMOD, crack mouth opening displacement.

Load vs. CMOD response of each specimen during the three-PBT at pre-cracking and post-conditioning stages. CMOD, crack mouth opening displacement; PBT, point bending test.

Different self-healing indices based on the three-PBT. PBT, point bending test.

Captured images of a different specimen during microscopic observation at the end of 120 days healing duration (A) OPC specimen, (B) HA1 specimen, and (C) HA2 specimen. OPC, ordinary Portland cement.

SEM image of crack surfaces at a healing period of 56 days (magnification: 3,000). SEM, scanning electron microscope.

Mix proportions for the three FR mortar mixtures with ratio_

Mix type	Water	Cement	Fiber (vol%)	Fine aggregate	Healing	agent	f_c’ (MPa)	Slump flow (mm)
Mix type	Water	Cement	Fiber (vol%)	Fine aggregate	HA1	HA2	f_c’ (MPa)	Slump flow (mm)
OPC	0.40	1.00	0.5	2.00	–	–	54.6	170
HA1	0.40	1.00	0.5	1.97	0.03	–	47.3	165
HA2	0.40	1.00	0.5	1.94	–	0.06	49.6	169

Tabulated values of fracture toughness for each type of mix and IFTR_

Mix type	W (μm)	FCPL (kN)	P_loading	K_{IC_Precrack}	K_{IC_Healed}	IFTR	Mix type	W (μm)	FCPL (kN)	P_loading	K_{IC_Precrack}	K_{IC_Healed}	IFTR
OPC-56D	36	1.32	4.29	0.0340	0.0105	0.31	OPC-120D	35	1.27	4.29	0.0340	0.0101	0.30
	39	1.34	4.29	0.0340	0.0106	0.31		36	1.31	4.29	0.0340	0.0104	0.31
	34	1.24	4.29	0.0340	0.0098	0.29		40	1.21	4.29	0.0340	0.0096	0.28
	65	0.39	3.06	0.0243	0.0031	0.13		73	0.54	3.29	0.0261	0.0043	0.16
	72	0.36	3.24	0.0257	0.0029	0.11		71	0.42	3.36	0.0267	0.0033	0.13
	75	0.31	3.3	0.0262	0.0025	0.09		76	0.38	3.31	0.0263	0.0030	0.11
	141	0.25	3.25	0.0258	0.0020	0.08		137	0.25	3.38	0.0268	0.0020	0.07
	138	0.23	3.46	0.0275	0.0018	0.07		144	0.26	3.3	0.0262	0.0021	0.08
	145	0.21	3.33	0.0264	0.0017	0.06		133	0.25	3.26	0.0259	0.0020	0.08
	183	0.19	3.18	0.0252	0.0015	0.06		165	0.22	3.36	0.0267	0.0017	0.07
	172	0.17	2.83	0.0225	0.0013	0.06		184	0.21	3.52	0.0279	0.0017	0.06
	168	0.18	2.96	0.0235	0.0014	0.06		177	0.24	3.59	0.0285	0.0019	0.07

HA1-56D	37.3	1.52	4.17	0.0331	0.0121	0.36	HA1-120D	32	1.72	4.10	0.0325	0.0136	0.42
	44	1.41	3.7	0.0294	0.0112	0.38		43	1.80	4.10	0.0325	0.0143	0.44
	32	1.24	3.58	0.0284	0.0098	0.35		44	1.66	4.40	0.0349	0.0132	0.38
	72.4	0.6	3.2	0.0254	0.0048	0.19		81	1.04	3.39	0.0269	0.0083	0.31
	79	0.52	3.12	0.0248	0.0041	0.17		78	0.89	3.31	0.0263	0.0071	0.27
	68	0.49	3.19	0.0253	0.0039	0.15		85	0.91	3.65	0.0290	0.0072	0.25
	139	0.28	3.8	0.0301	0.0022	0.07		133	0.33	3.13	0.0248	0.0026	0.11
	135	0.29	3.25	0.0258	0.0023	0.09		140	0.35	3.11	0.0247	0.0028	0.11
	142	0.26	3.02	0.0240	0.0021	0.09		147	0.31	2.27	0.0180	0.0025	0.14
	178	0.22	3.33	0.0264	0.0017	0.07		173	0.24	3.49	0.0277	0.0019	0.07
	181	0.23	3.39	0.0269	0.0018	0.07		175	0.21	2.73	0.0217	0.0017	0.08
	169	0.2	3	0.0238	0.0016	0.07		166	0.26	2.98	0.0236	0.0021	0.09

HA2-56D	35	1.81	3.9	0.0309	0.0144	0.46	HA2-120D	36	1.90	3.90	0.0309	0.0151	0.49
	38.6	1.77	3.9	0.0309	0.0140	0.45		37	1.88	3.90	0.0309	0.0149	0.48
	41	1.68	3.9	0.0309	0.0133	0.43		40	1.73	3.90	0.0309	0.0137	0.44
	69.9	0.68	3.16	0.0251	0.0054	0.22		83	1.02	3.03	0.0240	0.0081	0.34
	61	0.71	3.02	0.0240	0.0056	0.24		70	1.22	3.36	0.0267	0.0097	0.36
	67	0.65	3.1	0.0246	0.0052	0.21		85	1.11	3.41	0.0258	0.0088	0.34
	136	0.3	3.1	0.0246	0.0024	0.10		139	0.5	2.72	0.0216	0.0040	0.18
	130	0.28	2.86	0.0227	0.0022	0.10		143	0.57	3.03	0.0240	0.0045	0.19
	137	0.26	2.77	0.0220	0.0021	0.09		144	0.45	3.35	0.0266	0.0036	0.13
	175	0.22	1.96	0.0156	0.0017	0.11		180	0.38	3.65	0.0290	0.0030	0.10
	184	0.24	2.54	0.0202	0.0019	0.09		170	0.38	3.2	0.0254	0.0030	0.12
	187	0.21	2.33	0.0185	0.0017	0.09		160	0.39	3.39	0.0269	0.0031	0.12

Tabulated values of FCPL increase for few crack width_

Mix type	W (μm)	FCPL (kN)	P_loading	FCPL increase	Mix type	W (μm)	FCPL (kN)	P_loading	FCPL increase
OPC-56D	36	1.32	4.29	0.31	OPC-120D	34.8	1.27	4.29	0.3
	39	1.34	4.29	0.31		35.5	1.31	4.29	0.31
	34	1.24	4.29	0.28		40.2	1.21	4.29	0.28
	65	0.39	3.06	0.13		73	0.54	3.29	0.16
	72	0.36	3.24	0.11		70.9	0.42	3.36	0.13
	75	0.31	3.3	0.1		76	0.38	3.31	0.12
	141	0.25	3.25	0.08		137	0.25	3.38	0.07
	138	0.23	3.46	0.07		144	0.26	3.3	0.08
	145	0.21	3.33	0.06		133	0.25	3.26	0.08
	183	0.19	3.18	0.06		165	0.22	3.36	0.07
	172	0.17	2.83	0.06		184	0.21	3.52	0.06
	168	0.18	2.96	0.06		177	0.24	3.59	0.07

HA1-56D	37.3	1.52	4.17	0.36	HA1-120D	32	1.72	4.1	0.42
	44	1.41	3.7	0.38		43.4	1.8	4.1	0.44
	32	1.24	3.58	0.34		44	1.66	4.4	0.4
	72.4	0.6	3.2	0.19		81	1.04	3.39	0.31
	79	0.52	3.12	0.17		78	0.89	3.31	0.27
	68	0.49	3.19	0.15		85	0.91	3.65	0.25
	139	0.28	3.8	0.07		133	0.33	3.13	0.11
	135	0.29	3.25	0.09		140	0.35	3.11	0.11
	142	0.26	3.02	0.09		147	0.31	2.27	0.14
	178	0.22	3.33	0.07		173	0.24	3.49	0.07
	181	0.23	3.39	0.07		175	0.21	2.73	0.08
	169	0.2	3	0.07		166	0.26	2.98	0.09

HA2-56D	35	1.81	3.9	0.46	HA2-120D	36	1.9	3.9	0.49
	38.6	1.77	3.9	0.45		37	1.88	3.9	0.48
	41	1.68	3.9	0.43		39.6	1.73	3.9	0.44
	69.9	0.68	3.16	0.22		83	1.02	3.03	0.34
	61	0.71	3.02	0.24		70.3	1.22	3.36	0.36
	67	0.65	3.1	0.21		85	1.11	3.41	0.32
	136	0.3	3.1	0.10		139	0.5	2.72	0.18
	130	0.28	2.86	0.10		143	0.57	3.03	0.19
	137	0.26	2.77	0.09		144	0.45	3.35	0.13
	175	0.22	1.96	0.11		180	0.38	3.65	0.10
	184	0.24	2.54	0.09		170	0.38	3.2	0.12
	187	0.21	2.33	0.09		160	0.39	3.39	0.12

Tabulated values of fracture energy considering the area under the curve (Wo) based on actual crack healing and IFER_

Mix type	W (μm)	W_o Pre-crack	W_o healed	Gf_{pre crack}	Gf_healed	IFER	Mix type	W (μm)	W_o Pre-crack	W_o healed	Gf_{pre crack}	Gf_healed	IFER
OPC-56D	36	4.92	2.11	0.354	0.148	0.58	OPC-120D	34.8	4.92	2.11	0.342	0.108	0.68
	39	4.92	2.26	0.383	0.157	0.59		35.5	4.92	2.03	0.349	0.123	0.65
	34	4.92	2.19	0.334	0.177	0.47		40.2	4.92	1.97	0.395	0.147	0.63
	65	1.09	0.35	0.638	0.353	0.45		73	1.97	0.64	0.716	0.255	0.64
	72	0.97	0.29	0.706	0.334	0.53		70.9	1.94	0.62	0.696	0.275	0.61
	75	0.89	0.31	0.736	0.324	0.56		76	1.88	0.59	0.746	0.304	0.59
	141	2.28	0.49	1.384	0.942	0.32		137	2.39	0.59	1.344	0.883	0.34
	138	3.04	0.81	1.354	0.971	0.28		144	3.2	0.82	1.413	0.903	0.36
	145	2.56	0.57	1.423	0.981	0.31		133	2.85	0.57	1.305	0.873	0.33
	183	1.52	0.33	1.795	1.324	0.26		165	1.87	0.37	1.619	1.128	0.30
	172	1.97	0.41	1.688	1.275	0.24		184	1.95	0.41	1.805	1.226	0.32
	168	2.12	0.39	1.648	1.275	0.23		177	2.11	0.29	1.737	1.236	0.29

HA1-56D	37.3	1.9	1.17	0.366	0.108	0.70	HA1-120D	32	3.1	1.75	0.314	0.089	0.72
	44	1.9	1.14	0.432	0.137	0.68		43.4	3.1	1.8	0.426	0.098	0.77
	32	1.9	1.1	0.314	0.147	0.53		44	3.1	1.71	0.432	0.138	0.68
	72.4	1.33	0.48	0.710	0.285	0.60		81	1.77	0.55	0.795	0.334	0.58
	79	1.01	0.39	0.775	0.314	0.59		78	1.72	0.66	0.765	0.314	0.59
	68	1.1	0.42	0.667	0.343	0.49		85	1.66	0.63	0.834	0.363	0.56
	139	2.11	0.36	1.364	0.883	0.35		133	1.6	0.42	1.305	0.824	0.37
	135	2.31	0.43	1.325	0.883	0.33		140	1.88	0.46	1.374	0.854	0.38
	142	2.56	0.64	1.393	0.893	0.36		147	2.29	0.58	1.442	0.873	0.39
	178	1.92	0.36	1.747	1.197	0.31		173	2.21	0.42	1.697	1.099	0.35
	181	2.13	0.42	1.776	1.236	0.30		175	1.88	0.51	1.717	1.148	0.33
	169	2.33	0.48	1.658	1.177	0.29		166	2.03	0.53	1.629	1.128	0.31

HA2-56D	35	2.77	1.82	0.344	0.108	0.69	HA2-120D	36	2.53	1.74	0.354	0.079	0.78
	38.6	2.77	1.89	0.379	0.094	0.75		37	2.53	1.8	0.363	0.069	0.81
	41	2.77	1.78	0.403	0.138	0.66		39.6	2.53	1.69	0.389	0.098	0.75
	69.9	1.53	0.79	0.686	0.265	0.61		83	1.91	0.85	0.815	0.245	0.70
	61	1.7	0.85	0.599	0.363	0.39		70.3	2.7	1.18	0.690	0.285	0.59
	67	1.49	0.75	0.658	0.324	0.51		77	2.73	1.21	0.756	0.304	0.60
	136	1.58	0.5	1.334	0.795	0.40		139	1.66	0.6	1.364	0.775	0.43
	130	1.66	0.57	1.276	0.795	0.38		143	1.73	0.65	1.403	0.765	0.45
	137	1.51	0.47	1.344	0.814	0.39		144	1.81	0.59	1.413	0.765	0.46
	175	1.4	0.5	1.717	1.099	0.36		180	2.22	0.32	1.766	1.010	0.43
	184	1.66	0.62	1.805	1.177	0.35		170	1.81	0.39	1.668	1.020	0.39
	187	1.48	0.55	1.835	1.148	0.37		160	1.96	0.42	1.570	0.922	0.41

Stimulated autogenous-healing capacity of fiber-reinforced mortar incorporating healing agents for recovery against fracture and mechanical properties

Figures & Tables

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Fig. 3

Fig. 4

Fig. 5

Fig. 6

Fig. 7

Mix proportions for the three FR mortar mixtures with ratio_

Tabulated values of fracture toughness for each type of mix and IFTR_

Tabulated values of FCPL increase for few crack width_

Tabulated values of fracture energy considering the area under the curve (Wo) based on actual crack healing and IFER_

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