Skip to main content
Have a personal or library account? Click to login
A unique World War II battlefield artifact fused to a beach deposit Cover

A unique World War II battlefield artifact fused to a beach deposit

Open Access
|Aug 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

(A) Map of the Baltic Sea with marked Kołobrzeg location. (B) A site on the Kołobrzeg beach where the specimen was found.

Figure 2.

Major components of a bullet.

Figure 3.

(A) Macrophotograph of the worn machine gun bullet embedded in a conglomeratic Fe/Mn-rich quartz-limestone sandstone bound to a semi-rounded micritic limestone pebble (+HCl). Specimen microphotographs: (B) upper part of the worn bullet encircled by a sintered Fe/Mn-rich halo, (C) a fragment of the bullet-sandstone boundary with a distinct Fe/Mn-rich streak, (D) a ferruginous sandstone (center) in direct contact with a limestone pebble (left) and a bullet fragment (right).

Figure 4.

(A) Macrophotograph of a ferruginous limestone pebble in direct contact with a conglomeratic sandstone. (B) Microphotograph showing a more detailed microtextural relationship between the conglomeratic sandstone and the limestone pebble; note that the yellow ferruginous streak separates these two petrographic components, which may also point to heating.

Table 1.

Concentrations of elements in three different parts of the sample (in mg/kg, otherwise indicated as %).

PartBaCaCuFeKMnSSiTiZn
L320 ± 6036.3 ± 0.2%68 ± 141.24 ± 0.02%3642 ± 177338 ± 561217 ± 892.41 ± 0.09%413 ± 81104 ± 10
S315 ± 6314.6 ± 0.1%90 ± 178.37 ± 0.07%4203 ± 2301959 ± 1128041 ± 13614.5 ± 0.19%2228 ± 106112 ± 12
B380 ± 1996284 ± 51967.0 ± 1.6%2.56 ± 0.03%405 ± 195314 ± 979970 ± 4181.70 ± 0.06%279 ± 657.78 ± 02%
CRM NIST 27280 hard rock mine waste
Certified9931950215.52.78%3.38%4621.26%31%69902570
Determined973 ± 381950 ± 99177 ± 162.22 ± 0.2%3.31 ± 0.1%434 ± 581.10 ± 0.1%27 ± 0.1%6710 ± 1022082 ± 37
Recovery98%100%82%80%98%94%85%86%96%81%

[i] Note: L—limestone, S—sandstone, B—brass bullet.

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mipo-2025-0007 | Journal eISSN: 1899-8526 | Journal ISSN: 1899-8291
Language: English
Page range: 52 - 57
Submitted on: Jan 17, 2025
Accepted on: Jul 3, 2025
Published on: Aug 22, 2025
Published by: Mineralogical Society of Poland
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: Volume open
Related subjects:

© 2025 Agnieszka Gałuszka, Zdzisław M. Migaszewski, published by Mineralogical Society of Poland
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.