Mineralogy, chemical composition and leachability of ash from biomass combustion and biomass–coal co-combustion

Wilczyńska-Michalik, Wanda; Gasek, Renata; Michalik, Marek; Dańko, Janusz; Plaskota, Tadeusz

doi:10.2478/mipo-2018-0008

Abstract

Ash samples from biomass combustion or co-combustion with coal were analysed. The aim of this study of ash was to determine its mineral and chemical composition, and the chemical composition of solutions obtained during one-step water extraction. Besides the chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS) were applied.

The mineral and chemical composition of ash samples differ strongly. The content of heavy metals in the ash is generally low, but in some samples the limits of the content of some elements determined for fertilizers or soil amendments are exceeded. The relatively poor correlation between the concentration in leachate and bulk content in ash indicates that numerous elements are present in different forms in the studied samples. The results indicate that the potential use of biomass ash, or ash from biomass–coal co-combustion, requires complex studies that explore ash and leachates.

References

Baba, A., & Kaya, A. (2004). Leaching characteristics of fly ash from thermal power plants of Soma and Tunçbilek, Turkey. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 91, 171-181. DOI: 10.1023/B:EMAS.0000009234.42446.d3.10.1023/B:EMAS.0000009234.42446.d3
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bartoňová, L., Čech, B., Ruppenthalová, L., Majvelderová, V., Juchelková, D., & Klika, Z. (2012). Effect of unburned carbon content in fly ash on the retention of 12 elements out of coal-combustion flue gas. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 24, 1624-1629. DOI: 10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60981-9.10.1016/S1001-0742(11)60981-9
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bogush, A. A., Stegemann, J. A., Williams, R., & Wood I. G. (2018). Element speciation in UK biomass power plant residues based on composition, mineralogy, microstructure and leaching. Fuel, 211, 712-725. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2017.09.103.10.1016/j.fuel.2017.09.103
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Bonner, I. J., Smith, W. A., Einerson, J. J., & Kenney, K. L. (2014). Impact of harvest equipment on ash variability of baled corn stover biomass for bioenergy. Bioenergy Research, 7, 845-855. DOI 10.1007/s12155-014-9432-x.10.1007/s12155-014-9432-x
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ciesielczuk, T., Kusza, G., & Nemś, A. (2011). Nawożenie popiołami z termicznego przekształcania biomasy źródłem pierwiastków śladowych dla gleb. Ochrona Środowiska i Zasobów Mineralnych, 49, 219-227.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Dahl, O., Nurmesniemi, H., Pöykiö, R., & Watkins, G. (2010). Heavy metal concentrations in bottom ash and fly ash fractions from a large-sized (246 MW) fluidized bed boiler with respect to their Finnish forest fertilizer limit values. Fuel Processing Technology, 91, 1634-1639. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.06.012.10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.06.012
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Degereji, M. U., Gubba, S. R., Ingham, D. B., Ma, L., Pourkashanian, M., Williams, A., & Williamson, J. (2013). Predicting the slagging potential of co-fired coal with sewage sludge and wood biomass. Fuel, 108, 550-556. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.12.030.10.1016/j.fuel.2012.12.030
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Demeyer, A., Voundi Nkana, J. C., & Verloo, M. G. (2001). Characteristics of wood ash and influence on soil properties and nutrient uptake: an overview. Bioresource Technology, 77, 287-295. DOI: 10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00043-2.10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00043-2
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Demirbas, A. (2005). Potential applications of renewable energy sources, biomass combustion problems in boiler power systems and combustion related environmental issues. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31, 171-192. DOI: 10.1016/j.pecs.2005.02.002.10.1016/j.pecs.2005.02.002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Díaz-Somoano, M., Unterberger, S., & Hein, K. R. G.(2006). Prediction of trace element volatility during cocombustion processes. Fuel, 85, 1087-1093. DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2005.10.013.10.1016/j.fuel.2005.10.013
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Freire, M., Lopes, H., & Tarelho, L.A.C. (2015). Critical aspects of biomass ashes utilization in soils: Composition, leachability, PAH and PCDD/F. Waste Management, 46, 304-315. DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.08.036.10.1016/j.wasman.2015.08.03626344913
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Hansen, H. K., Pedersen, A. J., Ottosen, L. M., & Villumsen, A. (2001). Speciation and mobility of cadmium in straw and wood combustion fly ash. Chemosphere, 45, 123-128. DOI: 10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00026-1.10.1016/S0045-6535(01)00026-1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ingerslev, M., Skov, S., Sevel, L., & Pedersen, L.B. (2011). Element budgets of forest biomass combustion and ash fertilisation - a Danish case-study. Biomass and Bioenergy, 35, 2697-2704. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.03.018.10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.03.018
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Izquierdo, M., Moreno, N., Font, O., Querol, X., Alvarez, E., Antenucci, D., Nugteren, H., Luna, Y., & Fernández-Pereira, C. (2008). Influence of the co-firing on the leaching of trace pollutants from coal ash. Fuel, 87, 1958-1966. DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2007.11.002.10.1016/j.fuel.2007.11.002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Jiménez, S., & Ballester, J. (2005). Effect of co-firing on the properties of submicron aerosols from biomass combustion. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute, 30, 2965-2972. DOI: 10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.099.10.1016/j.proci.2004.08.099
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Johansson, L. S., Tullin, C., Leckner, B., & Sjövall, P. (2003). Particle emissions from biomass combustion in small combustors. Biomass and Bioenergy, 25, 435-446. DOI: 10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00036-9.10.1016/S0961-9534(03)00036-9
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Juda-Rezler, K., & Kowalczyk, D. (2013). Size distribution and trace elements contents of Coal fly ash from pulverized boilers. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22, 25-40.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kalembkiewicz, J., & Chmielarz, U. (2012). Ashes from co-combustion of coal and biomass: New industrial wastes. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 69, 109-121. DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.09.010.10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.09.010
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ketris, M. P., & Yudovich, Ya. E. (2009). Estimation of Clarkes for Carbonaceous biolithes: World for trace element content in black shales and coals. International Journal of Coal Geology, 78, 135-148. DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2009.01.002.10.1016/j.coal.2009.01.002
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Khanra, S., Mallick, D, Dutta, S. N., Chaudhuri, S. K. (1998). Studies on the phase mineralogy and leaching characteristics of coal fly ash. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 107, 251-275. DOI: 10.1023/A:1004947519170.10.1023/A:1004947519170
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Komonweeraket, K., Cetin, B., Aydilek, A. H., Benson, C. H., & Edil, T.B. (2015). Effects of pH on the leaching mechanisms of elements from fly ash mixed soils. Fuel, 140, 788-802. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.068.10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.068
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Kovacs, H., Szemmelveisz, K., & Palotas, A.B. (2013). Solubility analysis and disposal options of combustion residues from plants grown on contaminated mining area. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 20, 7917-7925. DOI 10.1007/s11356-013-1673-2.10.1007/s11356-013-1673-223608977
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lanzerstorfer, C. (2015). Chemical composition and physical properties of filter fly ashes from eight grate-fired biomass combustion plants. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 30, 191-197. DOI:10.1016/j.jes.2014.08.021.10.1016/j.jes.2014.08.021
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Lee, J. W., Hawkins, B., Day, D. M., & Reicosky, D.C. (2010). Sustainability: the capacity of smokeless biomass pyrolysis for energy production, global carbon capture and sequestration. Energy and Environmental Sciences, 11, 1695-1705. DOI: 10.1039/c004561f.10.1039/c004561f
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Li, L., Yu, C., Bai, J., Wang, Q., & Luo, Z. (2012). Heavy metal characterization of circulating fluidized bed derived biomass ash. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 233-234, 41-47. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.053.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.053
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
López, R., Díaz, M. J., & González-Pérez, J. A. (2018). Extra CO2 sequestration following reutilization of biomass ash. Science of the Total Environment, 625, 1013-1020. DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.263.10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.263
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Mardon, S. M., Hower, J. C., O’Keefe, J. M. K., Marks, M. N., & Hedges, D. H. (2008). Coal combustion byproduct quality at two stoker boilers: Coal source vs. fly ash collection system design. International Journal of Coal Petrology, 75, 284-254. DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2008.07.004.10.1016/j.coal.2008.07.004
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Michalik, M., Pogrzeba, M., & Wilczyńska-Michalik, W. (2013). Biomass combustion – a possible source of environmental pollution? Goldschmidt 2013 Conference Abstracts, Mineralogical Magazine, 77(5), 1753.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Modolo, R. C. E., Tarelho, L. A. C., Teixeira, E. R., Ferreira, V. M., & Labrincha, J. A. (2014). Treatment and use of bottom bed waste in biomass fluidized bed combustors. Fuel Processing Technology, 125, 170-181. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.03.040.10.1016/j.fuproc.2014.03.040
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Moreno, N., Querol, X., Andrés, J. M., Stanton, K., Towler, M., Nugteren, H., Janssen Jurkovicová, M., & Jones, R. (2005). Physico-chemical characteristics of European pulverized coal combustion fly ashes. Fuel, 84, 1351-1363. DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2004.06.038.10.1016/j.fuel.2004.06.038
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Narodoslawsky, M., & Obernberger, I. (1996). From waste to raw material – the route from biomass to wood ash for cadmium and other heavy metals. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 50, 157-168. DOI: 10.1016/0304-3894(96)01785-2.10.1016/0304-3894(96)01785-2
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nzihou, A., & Stanmore, B. R. (2013). The fate of heavy metals during combustion and gasification of contaminated biomass – A brief review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 256-257, 56-66. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.050.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.05023669791
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Nzihou, A., & Stanmore, B. R., 2015. The formation of aerosols during the co-combustion of coal and biomass. Waste Biomass Valorization, 6, 947-957. DOI 10.1007/s12649-015-9390-3.10.1007/s12649-015-9390-3
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Ogata, F., Tominaga, H., Yabutani, H., Taga, A., & Kawasaki, N. (2011). Recovery of molybdenum from fly ash by gibbsite. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 93, 635–642. DOI: 10.1080/02772248.2011.558508.10.1080/02772248.2011.558508
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Parzentny, H. R., & Lewińska-Preis, L. (2006). The role of sulphide and carbonate minerals in the concentration of chalcophile elements in the bituminous coal seams of a paralic series (Upper Carboniferous) in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), Poland. Chemie der Erde, 66, 227-247. DOI:10.1016/j.chemer.2005.04.001.10.1016/j.chemer.2005.04.001
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Priyanto, D. E., Ueno, S., Sato, N., Kasai, H., Tanoue, T., & Fukushima, H. (2016). Ash transformation by cofiring of coal with high ratios of woody biomass and effect on slagging propensity. Fuel, 174, 172-179. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.01.072.10.1016/j.fuel.2016.01.072
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Pronobis, M. (2006). The influence of biomass co-combustion on boiler fouling and efficiency. Fuel, 85, 474-480. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2005.08.015.10.1016/j.fuel.2005.08.015
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Querol, X., Juan, R., Lopez-Soler, A., Fernandez-Turiel, J. L., & Ruiz, C. R. (1996). Mobility of trace elements from coal and combustion wastes. Fuel, 7, 821-838. DOI: 10.1016/0016-2361(96)00027-0.10.1016/0016-2361(96)00027-0
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rozporządzenie Ministra Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi z dnia 18 czerwca 2008 r. w sprawie wykonania niektórych przepisów ustawy o nawozach i nawożeniu. Dziennik Ustaw, 119, Poz. 765, 6515-6520.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Rozporządzenie Ministra z dnia 27 listopada 2002 r. w sprawie wymagań jakim powinny odpowiadać wody powierzchniowe wykorzystywane do zaopatrzenia ludności w wodę przeznaczoną do spożycia. Dziennik Ustaw, 204, Poz. 1728, 12738-12751.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Steenari, B.-M., Karlsson, L. G. & Lindqvist, O. (1999). Evaluation of the leaching characteristics of wood ash and the influence of ash agglomeration. Biomass and Bioenergy, 16, 119-136. DOI: 10.1016/S0961-9534(98)00070-1.10.1016/S0961-9534(98)00070-1
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Supancic, K., Obernberger, I., Kienzl, N., & Arich, A. (2014). Conversion and leaching characteristics of biomass ashes during outdoor storage - Results of laboratory tests. Biomass and Bioenergy, 61, 211-226. DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.12.014.10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.12.014
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Świetlik, R., Trojanowska, M., & Rabek, P. (2012). Distribution patterns of Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn in wood fly ash emitted from domestic boilers. Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, 25, 63-70. DOI: 10.3184/095422912X13497968675047.10.3184/095422912X13497968675047
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Tan, Z., & Lagerkvist. A. (2011). Phosphorus recovery from the biomass ash: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 15, 3588-3602. DOI: 10.1016/j.rser.2011.05.016.10.1016/j.rser.2011.05.016
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vassilev, S. V., & Vassileva, C. G. (2007). A new approach for the classification of coal fly ashes based on their origin, composition, properties, and behavior. Fuel, 86, 1490-1512. DOI:10.1016/j.fuel.2006.11.020.10.1016/j.fuel.2006.11.020
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vassilev, S. V., Baxter, D., Andersen, L. K., & Vassileva, C.G. (2013a). An overview of the composition and application of biomass ash. Part 1. Phase–mineral and chemical composition and classification. Fuel, 105, 40-76. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.041.10.1016/j.fuel.2012.09.041
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vassilev, S. V., Baxter, D., Andersen, L. K., & Vassileva, C. G. (2013b). An overview of the composition and application of biomass ash. Part 2. Potential utilisation, technological and ecological advantages and challenges. Fuel, 105, 19-39. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.001.10.1016/j.fuel.2012.10.001
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Vassilev, S. V., Baxter, D., & Vassileva, C. G. (2014). An overview of the behaviour of biomass during combustion: Part II. Ash fusion and ash formation mechanisms of biomass types. Fuel, 117, 152-183. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.09.024.10.1016/j.fuel.2013.09.024
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wilczyńska-Michalik, W., & Michalik, M. (2016). Trace elements in biomass fuel and biomass ash – a comparison with coal and coal ash. Goldschmidt Conference Abstracts, 3412.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Wiśniewski, G., Michałowska-Knap, K., & Arcipowska, A. (2012). O niezrównoważonym wykorzystaniu odnawialnych zasobów energii w Polsce i patologii w systemie wsparcia OZE, Propozycje zmian podejścia do promocji OZE i kierunków wykorzystania zasobów biomasy. Instytut Energetyki Odnawialnej (EC BREC IEO), Warszawa, 1-29.
Search in Google Scholar Back to article
Zheng, Y., Peter Jensen, A., Jensen, A. D., Sander, B., & Junker, H. (2007). Ash transformation during co-firing coal and straw. Fuel, 86(7-8), 1008-1020. DOI: 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.10.008.10.1016/j.fuel.2006.10.008
Open DOI Search in Google Scholar Back to article

Mineralogy, chemical composition and leachability of ash from biomass combustion and biomass–coal co-combustion

Abstract

Paradigm

My account