Figure 1.
Internal expenditures on R&D activities by types of costs and executive sectors in 2018–2021
| Executive sectors: | Internal expenditures in years: | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| In PLN million | ||||
| Total: | 25,647.8 | 30,284.8 | 32,402.1 | 37,675.8 |
| Current | 20,390.7 | 24,962.9 | 27,286.7 | 31,815.1 |
| Investment | 5,257.0 | 5,321.9 | 5,115.4 | 5,860.7 |
| Enterprise sector: | ||||
| Total | 16,950.8 | 19,030.9 | 20,359.1 | 23,769.1 |
| Current | 12,577.1 | 14,914.5 | 16,775.1 | 20,036.2 |
| Investment | 4,373.8 | 4,116.4 | 3,584.0 | 3,732.9 |
| Government sector: | ||||
| Total | 498.6 | 384.2 | 639.1 | 770.3 |
| Current | 455.0 | 337.1 | 533.4 | 619.3 |
| Investment | 43.6 | 47.1 | 105.7 | 151.0 |
| Higher education sector: | ||||
| Total | 8,121.7 | 10,779.4 | 11,324.4 | 13,059.0 |
| Current | 7,289.1 | 9,628.6 | 9,901.2 | 11,085.0 |
| Investment | 832.6 | 1,150.9 | 1,423.2 | 1,974.0 |
| Private non-profit institutions: | ||||
| Total | 76.7 | 90.3 | 79.5 | 77.5 |
| Current | 69.6 | 82.7 | 77.0 | 74.6 |
| Investment | 7.1 | 7.5 | 2.5 | 2.9 |
The amount of expenditure on R&D in 2018–2021
| Specification | Years | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| Gross domestic expenditures on R+D activities (GERD) in PLN million (current prices) | 25,647.8 | 30,284.8 | 32,402.1 | 37,675.8 |
| Ratio of gross domestic capital formation for R&D activities (GERD) to GDP (in %) (intensity index) | 1.21 | 1.32 | 1.39 | 1.44 |
| Internal expenditures on R&D activities per one inhabitant in PLN | 668 | 789 | 849 | 992 |
| Internal expenditures on R&D activities financed from the rest of the world sector in PLN million | 1,804.5 | 2,134.2 | 2,325.4 | 3,079.1 |
| Share of foreign funds in total gross domestic expenditure on R&D activities (in %) | 7.0 | 7.0 | 7.2 | 8.2 |
| European Commission funds in PLN million | 1,035.7 | 1,424.5 | 1,712.3 | 2,391.8 |
| Share of European Commission funds in gross domestic expenditure on R&D activities (in %) | 4.0 | 4.7 | 5.3 | 6.3 |
| Number of entities in R&D activities benefiting from European Commission funds | 891 | 1,031 | 1,124 | 1,369 |
| Percentage of entities benefiting from European Commission funds in entities in R&D activities | 15.4 | 17.6 | 17.6 | 18.6 |
Internal expenditures on R&D activities by executive sectors and size classes in 2018–2021
| Executive sectors and enterprise-size classes | Volume of internal expenditures in years: | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| In PLN million | ||||
| Total: | 25,647.8 | 30,284.8 | 32,402.1 | 37,675.8 |
| Micro-enterprises | 472.5 | 630.7 | 746.2 | 946.1 |
| small | 1,796.9 | 1,937.7 | 2,259.1 | 2,901.7 |
| medium-sized | 4,636.5 | 5,232.9 | 5,060.5 | 5,907.3 |
| large | 18,741.8 | 22,483.4 | 24,336.3 | 27,920.8 |
| Executive sectors: | ||||
| Enterprise sector in general: | 16,950.8 | 19,030.9 | 20,359.1 | 23,769.1 |
| Micro-enterprises-up to 9 employed | 443 | 583.2 | 707.1 | · |
| Small from 10 to 49 employed | 1,680.5 | 1,824.2 | 2,144.9 | · |
| Medium from 50 to 249 working | 3,508.3 | 3,989.8 | 3,909.2 | · |
| Large 250 and more employed | 11,319.0 | 12,633.6 | 13,597.8 | · |
| Total government: | 498.6 | 384.2 | 639.1 | 770.3 |
| Micro | 220.7 | · | 0.4 | · |
| Small | 223.6 | · | 54.5 | · |
| Medium | · | 102.0 | 256.8 | · |
| Large | · | 242.8 | 327.4 | · |
| Total higher education sector: | 8,121.7 | 10,779.4 | 11,324.4 | 13,059.0 |
| Micro-enterprises | · | · | 1.2 | · |
| Small | · | · | 23.5 | · |
| Medium | 892.0 | 1,127.1 | 888.6 | · |
| Large | 7,199.2 | 9,607.0 | 10,411.1 | · |
| Total private non-profit institutions: | 76.7 | 90.3 | 79.5 | 77.5 |
| Micro-enterprises | 28.2 | 46.0 | 37.5 | · |
| Small | 33.0 | 30.2 | 36.2 | · |
| Medium | 15.5 | 14.0 | 5.8 | · |
| Large | – | – | – | · |
Number of entities conducting R&D activities in 2018–2021 in Poland
| Specification | Years | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| Total number of economic operators in the industry: | 227,914 | 237,658 | 239,301 | 240,648 |
| Total number of entities conducting R&D activities: | 5,779 | 5,863 | 6,381 | 7,370 |
| • up to 9 employed | 1,325 | 1,380 | 1,614 | 1,875 |
| • from 10 to 49 employed | 1,619 | 1,588 | 1,760 | 2,065 |
| • from 50 to 249 employed | 1,708 | 1,719 | 1,804 | 2,078 |
| • 250 and more employed | 1,127 | 1,176 | 1,203 | 1,352 |
| Percentage share of entities conducting R&D in the total number of business entities in the industry (in %) Structure of entities involved in R+D by size classes (in %): | 2.54 | 2.47 | 2.67 | 3.06 |
| • up to 9 employees | 22.93 | 23.54 | 25.29 | 25.44 |
| • from 10 to 49 people | 28.01 | 27.08 | 27.58 | 28.02 |
| • from 50 to 249 people | 29.55 | 29.32 | 28.27 | 28.19 |
| • 250 or more people | 19.50 | 20.06 | 18.85 | 18.34 |
Internal expenditures on R&D activities by type of R&D activity and executive sectors
| Executive sectors: | Volume of expenditures in years: | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| In PLN million | ||||
| Overall: | 25,647.8 | 30,284.8 | 32,402.1 | 37,675.8 |
| Basic research | 8,346.5 | 12,146.5 | 10,769.0 | 12,084.0 |
| Applied research | 3,395.7 | 4,064.8 | 5,102.3 | 5,457.0 |
| Development work | 13,905.6 | 14,073.5 | 16,530.8 | 20,134.8 |
| Enterprise sector in general: | 16,950.8 | 19,030.9 | 20,359.1 | 23,769.1 |
| Basic research | 1,866.6 | 3,331.9 | 1,815.7 | 2,211.9 |
| Applied research | 2,189.0 | 2,669.0 | 3,264.6 | 3,513.1 |
| Development work | 12,895.3 | 13,030.0 | 15,278.7 | 18,044.0 |
| Government in general: | 498.6 | 384.2 | 639.1 | 770.3 |
| Basic research | 244.4 | 198.7 | 300.2 | 300.8 |
| Applied research | 74.6 | 73.5 | 171.8 | 127.5 |
| Development work | 179.6 | 111.9 | 167.1 | 342.0 |
| Higher education sector in general: | 8,121.7 | 10,779.4 | 11,324.4 | 13,059.0 |
| Basic research | 6,207.2 | 8,583.1 | 8,637.2 | 9,558.9 |
| Applied research | 1,102.5 | 1,297.9 | 1,632.3 | 1,789.9 |
| Development work | 812.0 | 898.4 | 1,055.0 | 1,710.2 |
| Total private non-profit sector: | 76.7 | 90.3 | 79.5 | 77.5 |
| Basic research | 28.3 | 32.8 | 15.9 | 12.4 |
| Applied research | 29.6 | 24.4 | 33.6 | 26.5 |
| Development work | 18.7 | 33.1 | 30.0 | 38.6 |
R&D staff in 2018–2021 in Poland
| Specification | Years | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| B&R internal staff per 1,000 employees | 8.1 | 8.4 | 8.8 | 9.3 |
| Number of researchers in internal R&D staff per 1,000 employees | 6.1 | 6.1 | 6.4 | 6.8 |
| B&R staff by main groups and size classes in total (persons): | 266,283 | 271,025 | 283,431 | 305,563 |
| including: | ||||
| • internal | 203,588 | 214,823 | 226,131 | 249,014 |
| • external | 62,695 | 56,202 | 57,300 | 56,549 |
| • up to 9 working in total: | 5,979 | 6,778 | 9,302 | 9,101 |
| including: | ||||
| • internal | 3,043 | 3,806 | 4,473 | 5,113 |
| • external | 2,936 | 2,972 | 4,829 | 3,988 |
| • from 10 to 49 working in total: | 17,086 | 16,859 | 20,445 | 23,647 |
| including: | ||||
| • internal | 13,381 | 13,627 | 16,547 | 19,288 |
| • external | 3,705 | 32,32 | 3,898 | 4,359 |
| • from 50 to 249 working in total: | 45,785 | 45,698 | 44,092 | 49,817 |
| including: | ||||
| • internal | 35,129 | 37,516 | 36,968 | 41,604 |
| • external | 10,656 | 8,182 | 7,124 | 8,213 |
| • 250 and more working in total: | 197,433 | 201,690 | 209,592 | 222,998 |
| including: | ||||
| • internal | 152,035 | 159,874 | 168,143 | 183,009 |
| • external | 45,398 | 41,816 | 41,449 | 39,989 |
R&D staff by groups and executive sectors in 2018–2021
| Executive sectors | Peronel R&D in the years | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| [in persons] | ||||
| Overall: | 266,283 | 271,025 | 283,431 | 305,563 |
| internal staff | 203,588 | 214,823 | 226,131 | 249,014 |
| external staff | 62,695 | 56,202 | 57,300 | 56,549 |
| Enterprise sector in general: | 113,395 | 121,210 | 134,727 | 155,684 |
| internal staff | 98,400 | 107,785 | 117,728 | 137,823 |
| external staff | 14,995 | 13,425 | 16,999 | 17,861 |
| Total government: | 8,080 | 6,724 | 8,813 | 8,533 |
| internal staff | 6,086 | 5,551 | 6,329 | 6,761 |
| external staff | 1,994 | 1,173 | 2,484 | 1,772 |
| Total higher education sector: | 141,877 | 140,806 | 137,996 | 139,680 |
| internal staff | 98,073 | 100,631 | 101,449 | 103,771 |
| external staff | 43,804 | 40,175 | 36,547 | 35,909 |
| Total private non-profit sector: | 2,931 | 2,285 | 1,895 | 1,666 |
| internal staff | 1,029 | 856 | 625 | 659 |
| external staff | 1,902 | 1,429 | 1,270 | 1,007 |