Graph 1.
Figure 1.
Graph 2.
Graph 3.
Graph 4.
Declared use, willingness to use or not of the three types of wearables technology among respondents (n = 212)
| Type of wearables technology | I used | I have not used but am willing to use | I have not used and am not willing to use |
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-invasive technologies | 62.3% | 29.7% | 8.0% |
| Emergent technologies | 4.7% | 42.5% | 52.8% |
| Invasive technologies | 0.0% | 28.8% | 71.2% |
Analysis of determinants of trust in indirect technologies
| Model | Non-standardised coefficients | Standardised coefficients | t | p value | Collinearity statistics | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Standard error | beta | Tolerance | VIF | ||||
| (Constant) | 5.191 | 0.426 | 12.171 | <0.001 | ||||
| 1 | Techno-paranoia | −0.387 | 0.098 | −0.334 | −3.964 | <0.001 | 0.597 | 1.674 |
| Techno-fear | −0.029 | 0.122 | −0.020 | −0.238 | 0.812 | 0.584 | 1.713 | |
| NPI | 0.063 | 0.094 | 0.044 | 0.665 | 0.507 | 0.949 | 1.054 | |
| R = 0.342 | ||||||||
| R2 = 0.117 | ||||||||
Results of EFA (PCA method) and Cronbach’s a reliability analyses for the confidence constructs for each type of wearables technology
| Coefficient | Trust in wearables (subgroup of non-invasive technologies) | Trust in wearables (indirect technology subgroup) | Trust in wearables (subgroup of invasive technologies) |
|---|---|---|---|
| KMO | 0.751 | 0.765 | 0.776 |
| % of explained variance | 85.56 | 88.29 | 93.81 |
| Cronbach’s a | 0.894 | 0.934 | 0.967 |
Analysis of determinants of trust in non-invasive technology
| Model | Non-standardised coefficients | Standardised coefficients | t | p value | Collinearity statistics | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Standard error | beta | Tolerance | VIF | ||||
| (Constant) | 6.468 | 0.361 | 17.903 | <0.001 | ||||
| 1 | Techno-paranoia | −0.173 | 0.083 | −0.170 | −2.091 | 0.038 | 0.597 | 1.674 |
| Techno-fear | −0.382 | 0.104 | −0.303 | −3.682 | <0.001 | 0.584 | 1.713 | |
| NPI | 0.126 | 0.080 | 0.102 | 1.579 | 0.116 | 0.949 | 1.054 | |
| R = 0.421 | ||||||||
| R2 = 0.177 | ||||||||
Analysis of determinants of confidence in invasive technologies
| Model | Non-standardised coefficients | Standardised coefficients | t | p value | Collinearity statistics | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | Standard error | beta | Tolerance | VIF | ||||
| (Constant) | 4.253 | 0.496 | 8.582 | <0.001 | ||||
| 1 | Techno-paranoia | −0.393 | 0.113 | −0.294 | –3.465 | <0.001 | 0.597 | 1.674 |
| Techno-fear | −0.077 | 0.142 | −0.047 | −0.543 | 0.588 | 0.584 | 1.713 | |
| NPI | 0.172 | 0.110 | 0.106 | 1.571 | 0.118 | 0.949 | 1.054 | |
| R = 0.324 | ||||||||
| R2 = 0.105 | ||||||||
Declared familiarity with the concept of wearable devices and the different types/types of these devices among the surveyed group (n = 212)
| Feature | Percentage of declared knowledge |
|---|---|
| Wearables devices | 91.5% |
| Smart watch | 97.6% |
| Smart band | 76.0% |
| Smart jewellery (e.g. ring, bracelet, earring/needleless ear clip, cuff/tie pin) | 26.4% |
| Smart glasses | 56.7% |
| Smart clothing | 24.0% |
| Smart contact lenses | 10.1% |
| Smart earrings (pierced into the skin) | 8.2% |
| Smart measurement sensors (e.g. glucose sensor) that are placed in the body, while protruding from it | 43.8% |
| Smart tattoo | 11.5% |
| Smart implants/chips implanted under the skin (placed completely under the skin) | 45.7% |