Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Table 12.
Formal education
| Formal education | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Elementary-senior high school | 68 | 17.3 |
| Bachelor | 268 | 68.4 |
| Master | 53 | 13.5 |
| Doctoral | 3 | 0.8 |
| Total | 392 | 100 |
Barriers to social media use
| BARRIERS TO THE USE OF SOCIAL MEDIA | SMEs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | |
| Lack of knowledge | X | X | X | |
| Lack of training | X | X | X | |
| Little or any budget for social networks | X | X | X | X |
| Negative perception (it’s waste of time) | X | X | ||
Profile of MSMEs in Mexico
| PROFILES | SMEs | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | |
| Size | ||||
| No. of Employees | 5 | 5 | 15 | 35 |
| Type of business | ||||
| Incorporated | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
| Industry | ||||
| Tourism and gastronomy | Travel agency | Restaurant | Tour operator | Hotel |
| Geographical Market | Worldwide | State of Colima Mexico | Worldwide | Worldwide |
| Budget | ||||
| Marketing | Informal | Informal | Informal | Informal |
| Social Networks | Informal | Informal | Informal | Informal |
Data Development of micro, small, medium enterprises (MSMEs) and large enterprises (UB) for 2012–2013
| PERKEMBANGAN DATA USAHA MIKRO, KECIL, MENENGAH (UMKM) DAN USAHA BESAR (UB) TAHUN 2012–2013 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NO | INDIKATOR | SATUAN | TAHUN 2012 | TAHUN 2013 | PERKEMBANGAN TAHUN 2012-2013 | |||
| JUMLAH | PANGSA (%) | JUMLAH | PANGSA (%) | JUMLAH | PANGSA (%) | |||
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
| 1 | UNIT USAHA (A»B) | (Unit) | 56.539.560 | 57.900.787 | 1.361.227 | 2,41 | ||
| A. Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) | (Unit) | 56.534.592 | 99,99 | 57.895.721 | 99,99 | 1.361.129 | 2.41 | |
| – Usaha Mikro (UMi) | (Unit) | 55.856.176 | 98,79 | 57.189.393 | 98,77 | 1.333.217 | 2.39 | |
| – Usaha Kecil (UK) | (Unit) | 629.418 | 1,11 | 654.222 | 1,13 | 24.803 | 3,94 | |
| – Usaha Menengah(UM) | (Unit) | 48.997 | 0,09 | 52.106 | 0,09 | 3.110 | 6.35 | |
| B. Usaha Besar (UB) | (Unit) | 4.968 | 0,01 | 5.066 | 0,01 | 98 | 1.97 | |
| 2 | TENAGA KERJA (A*B) | (Orang) | 110.808.154 | 117.681.244 | 6.873.090 | 6,20 | ||
| A. Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) | (Orang) | 107.657.509 | 97,16 | 114.144.082 | 96,99 | 6.486.573 | 6,03 | |
| – Usaha Mikro (UMi) | (Orang) | 99.859.517 | 90,12 | 104.624.466 | 88,90 | 4.764.949 | 4,77 | |
| – Usaha Kecil (UK) | (Orang) | 4.535.970 | 4,09 | 5.570.231 | 4,73 | 1.034.262 | 22,80 | |
| – Usaha Menengah(UM) | (Orang) | 3.262.023 | 2,94 | 3.949.385 | 3,36 | 687.363 | 21,07 | |
| B. Usaha Besar (UB) | (Orang) | 3.150.645 | 2,84 | 3.537.162 | 3,01 | 386.517 | 12,27 | |
| 3 | PDB ATAS DASAR HARGA BERLAKU (A+B) | (Rp. MiIyar) | 8.241.864,3 | 9.014.951,2 | 773.086,9 | 9,38 | ||
| A. Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) | (Rp. Milyar) | 4.869.568,1 | 59,08 | 5.440.007,9 | 60,34 | 570.439,8 | 11,71 | |
| – Usaha Mikro (UMi) | (Rp. Milyar) | 2.951.120,6 | 35,81 | 3.326.564,8 | 36,90 | 375.444,2 | 12,72 | |
| – Usaha Kecil (UK) | (Rp. Milyar) | 798.122,2 | 9,68 | 876.385.3 | 9,72 | 78.263,1 | 9,81 | |
| – Usaha Menengah(UM) | (Rp. Milyar) | 1.120.325,3 | 13,59 | 1.237.057,8 | 13,72 | 116.732,5 | 10,42 | |
| B. Usaha Besar (UB) | (Rp. Milyar) | 3.372.296,1 | 40,92 | 3.574.943,3 | 39,66 | 202.647,2 | 6,01 | |
| 4 | PDB ATAS DASAR HARGA KONSTAN 2000 (A*B) | (Rp. Milyar) | 2.525.120,4 | 2.670.314,8 | 145.194,4 | 5,75 | ||
| A. Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) | (Rp. Milyar) | 1.451.460,2 | 57,48 | 1.536.918,8 | 57,56 | 85.458,5 | 5,89 | |
| – Usaha Mikro (UMi) | (Rp. Milyar) | 790.825,6 | 31,32 | 807.804,50 | 30,25 | 16.978,9 | 2,15 | |
| – Usaha Kecil (UK) | (Rp. Milyar) | 294.260,7 | 11,65 | 342.579,19 | 12,83 | 48.318,5 | 16,42 | |
| – Usaha Menengah(UM) | (Rp. Milyar) | 366.373,9 | 14,51 | 386.535,07 | 14,48 | 20.161,1 | 5,50 | |
| B. Usaha Besar (UB) | (Rp. Milyar) | 1.073.660.1 | 42,52 | 1.133.396,05 | 42,44 | 59.735,9 | 5,56 | |
| 5 | TOTAL EKSPOR NON MIGAS (A+B) | (Rp. Milyar) | 1.185.391,0 | 1.161.327,5 | (24.063,4) | (2,03) | ||
| A. Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) | (Rp. Milyar) | 166.626,5 | 14,06 | 182.112,7 | 15,68 | 15.486,3 | 9,29 | |
| – Usaha Mikro (UMi) | (Rp. Milyar) | 15.235,2 | 1,29 | 15.989,5 | 1,38 | 754,3 | 4,95 | |
| – Usaha Kecil (UK) | (Rp. Milyar) | 32.508,8 | 2,74 | 32.051,8 | 2,76 | (457,0) | (141) | |
| – Usaha Menengah(UM) | (Rp. Milyar) | 118.882,4 | 10,03 | 134.071,4 | 11,54 | 15.189,0 | 12,78 | |
| B. Usaha Besar (UB) | (Rp. Milyar) | 1.018.764,5 | 85,94 | 979.214,8 | 84,32 | (39.549,7) | (3,88) | |
| 6 | INVESTASI ATAS DASAR HARGA BERLAKU (A+B) | (Rp. Milyar) | 2.283.872,9 | 2.609.778,8 | 325.905,8 | 14,27 | ||
| A. Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) | (Rp. Milyar) | 1.250.801,1 | 54,77 | 1.655.233,5 | 63,42 | 404.432,5 | 32,33 | |
| – Usaha Mikro (UMi) | (Rp. Milyar) | 175.529,1 | 7,69 | 185.717,2 | 7,12 | 10.188,1 | 5,80 | |
| – Usaha Kecil (UK) | (Rp. Milyar) | 452.790,0 | 19,83 | 620.216,0 | 23,77 | 167.426,0 | 36,98 | |
| – Usaha Menengah(UM) | (Rp. Milyar) | 622.482,0 | 27,26 | 849.300,3 | 32,54 | 226.818,3 | 36,44 | |
| B. Usaha Besar (UB) | (Rp. Milyar) | 1.033.071,9 | 45,23 | 954.545,2 | 36,58 | (78.526,6) | (7,60) | |
| 7 | INVESTASI ATAS DASAR HARGA KONSTAN 2000 (A+B) | (Rp. Milyar) | 583.426,4 | 607.879,3 | 24.452,9 | 4,19 | ||
| A. Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) | (Rp. Milyar) | 300.175,7 | 51,45 | 341.341,6 | 56,15 | 41.165,9 | 13,71 | |
| – Usaha Mikro (UMi) | (Rp. Milyar) | 44.711,3 | 7,66 | 42.053,3 | 6,92 | (2.658,0) | (5,94) | |
| – Usaha Kecil (UK) | (Rp. Milyar) | 104.726,4 | 17,95 | 111.652,8 | 18,37 | 6.926,4 | 6,61 | |
| – Usaha Menengah(UM) | (Rp. Milyar) | 150.738,0 | 25,84 | 187.635,5 | 30,87 | 36.897,5 | 24,48 | |
| B. Usaha Besar (UB) | (Rp. Milyar) | 283.250,7 | 48,55 | 266.537,7 | 43,85 | (16.713,0) | (5,90) | |
Limitations of MSMEs in the UK and Commonwealth countries in increasing entrepreneurial strategic orientation and brand firm performance
| Factor | Chapman, James, Moore, Szczygiel Thompson (2000) | Elsammani, Scown & Hackney (2000) | Jqcobs Dowsland (2000) | Chapel & Feindt (1999) | Lewis & Cockrill (2002) | Moussi & Davcy (2000) | Nath, Akmanakigil, Hjelm (2000) | Smith & Webster (2000) | Strader & Shaw (2000) | Van Akkcrcn & Cavaye (1999) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lack of financial resources & high cost | X | X | X | X | X | |||||
| Insufficient Time & amount of work required to maintain Ecommerce | X | X | X | X | ||||||
| Insufficient Education/Information into benefits & Uncertainty on how to implement | X | X | X | |||||||
| Lack of IT | ||||||||||
| Expertise/Skills/Training/Personnel | X | X | X | X | X | |||||
| Feras & concerns over Security | X | X | X | X | ||||||
| Competition | X | |||||||||
| Applicability of Ebusiness to enterprise | X | |||||||||
| Legal Issues | X | |||||||||
| Cultural Barriers & Infrastructure issues | X | X | ||||||||
| Low use by customers & suppliers | ||||||||||
| Hierarchical Trasnaction Governance | X | |||||||||
| Lack of Management | ||||||||||
| Reluctance to use new systems by employees | X | |||||||||
| Lack of Priority |
Length of business
| Length of business | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| < 1 year | 56 | 14.3 |
| 1–5 year(s) | 155 | 39.5 |
| > 5 years | 181 | 46.2 |
| Total | 392 | 100 |
Gender
| Gender | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| Male | 287 | 73.2 |
| Female | 105 | 26.8 |
| Total | 392 | 100 |
Turnover per year
| Turnover per year | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| < 100 IDR million | 54 | 13.8 |
| 100 — IDR 150 million | 185 | 47.2 |
| > IDR 150 million | 153 | 39.0 |
| Total | 392 | 100 |
Structural equation modeling coefficient evaluation
| Path | Estimated | t-value | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
| ICT readiness has a positive effect and significantly on entrepreneurial strategic orientation | 0.48 | 8.29 | Accepted |
| Knowledge management has a positive effect and significantly on entrepreneurial strategic orientation | 0.25 | 4.79 | Accepted |
| ICT readiness and knowledge management have a positive effect and significantly on entrepreneurial strategic orientation | Fvalue | R Square | Accepted |
| ICT readiness has a positive effect and significantly on firm performance | 0.21 | 5.14 | Accepted |
| Knowledge management has a positive and significant effect on firm performance | 0.17 | 4.87 | Accepted |
| Entrepreneurial Strategic Orientation has a positive effect and significantly on firm performance | 0.69 | 13.75 | Accepted |
| ICT readiness, knowledge management and entrepreneurial strategic orientation simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on firm performance | Fvalue | R Square | Accepted |
Model fit index
| GOF indicator | Expected size | Estimated results | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute fit size | |||
| RMSEA | RMSEA < 0,08 | 0,073 | Good fit |
| Incremental fit size | |||
| NFI | NFI > 0.99 | 0,91 | Good fit |
| NNFI | NNFI > 0,90 | 0,92 | Good fit |
| CFI | CFI > 0,90 | 0,92 | Good fit |
| IFI | IFI > 0,90 | 0,92 | Good fit |
| RFI | RFI > 0,90 | 0,91 | Good fit |
| GFI | GFI > 0,90 | 0,92 | Good fit |
| AGFI | AGFI > 0,90 | 0,90 | Good fit |
| RMSEA: The Root Mean Square Error Approximation | |||
| NFI: Normed-Fit Index | |||
| NNFI: Non Normed-Fit Index | |||
| CFI: Comparative Fit Index | |||
| IFI: Incremental Fit Indices | |||
| RFI: Relative Fit Index | |||
| GFI: Goodness of Fit Index | |||
| AGFI: Adjust Goodness of Fit Index | |||
Age
| Age | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|---|---|
| < 35 years old | 104 | 26.5 |
| 35–45 years old | 170 | 43.4 |
| > 45 years old | 118 | 30.1 |
| Total | 392 | 100 |
Research variable reliability test results
| No | Variable | Nilai Cronbach’s alpha | Decision |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | ICT readiness | 0.924 | Reliable |
| 2 | Knowledge management | 0.932 | Reliable |
| 3 | Entrepreneurial strategic orientation | 0.938 | Reliable |
| 4 | Firm performance | 0.939 | Reliable |