Maps through the lens of scientific representation theories

This article examines how contemporary theories of scientific representation can shed light on the status of maps. Traditionally defined as models of geographic reality, maps are increasingly viewed not as mere reflections of the world but as complex representational constructs embedded in theoretical, technological, and communicative contexts. Drawing on key philosophical frameworks – including similarity, structural isomorphism, inferential accounts, and the DEKI model – the paper examines how maps function as tools of cognitive surrogacy rather than direct imitations of space. This approach clarifies the representational mechanisms underlying cartographic practice, including symbolisation, abstraction, and intentionality. The discussion also addresses how recent developments in geoinformation technologies and digital cartography challenge conventional definitions of maps. Ultimately, the paper argues that maps should be seen as epistemic devices that mediate knowledge about the world through interpretive models rather than as neutral depictions of spatial reality.