Attitudes of Generation Z students towards partnerships in light of the second demographic transition theory: An example of students from Kielce

Feature	Number of respondents	Percentage (%)
Gender
Women	295	63.9
Men	167	36.1
Financial situation
Poor	19	4.1
Average	154	33.3
Good	243	52.6
Very good	46	10.0
Selected parent's education
Primary	24	5.2
Vocational	117	25.4
Secondary	162	35.2
Higher	157	34.1

[i] Source: own elaboration

Table 2.

Results of the verification of null hypotheses regarding the functioning of formal and informal partnerships against the socio-economic characteristics of respondents

Statement			S1	S2	S3
Category		Critical value of the Student's t-test (k); Significance level- 0.05; m=3	Empirical value of the Student's t-test
	Overall	1.96	27.95	−7.10	9.97
Gender	Women	1.97	28.72	−4.89	9.38
Gender	Men	1.98	11.52	−5.41	4.36
Financial situation	Poor	2.1	9.51	−1.80	2.99
	Average	1.98	12.68	−5.11	3.93
	Good	1.97	22.74	−4.88	8.56
	Very good	2.01	10.79	−0.81	3.84
Selected parent's education	Primary	2.07	3.71	−2.50	1.27
	Vocational	1.98	21.90	−2.87	6.41
	Secondary	1.97	18.11	−3.77	6.80
	Higher	1.97	12.68	−5.24	4.65

[i] Bold indicates empirical values of the Student's t-test not falling within the critical region

[ii] Source: own elaboration

Table 3.

Comparative summary of response variability by respondent group

Category		Strongly disagree (%)	Somewhat disagree (%)	Neither agree nor disagree (%)	Somewhat agree (%)	Strongly agree (%)	*Likert scale mean*	Standard deviation
	S1 - Partnerships should be formalized through civil or religious marriage
Gender	women	2.03	3.73	5.76	16.61	71.86	4.52	0.91
Gender	men	1.80	11.38	16.17	29.94	40.72	3.96	1.09
Financial situation	poor	0.00	0.00	10.53	26.32	63.16	4.50	0.67
	average	3.25	8.44	12.34	20.78	55.19	4.16	1.13
	good	1.65	5.35	7.82	22.22	62.96	4.40	0.96
	very good	0.00	8.70	8.70	17.39	65.22	4.44	0.90
Parent's education	primary	8.33	8.33	8.33	25.00	50.00	4.00	1.29
	vocational	1.71	1.71	4.27	17.95	74.36	4.61	0.79
	secondary	0.62	6.79	9.26	24.07	59.26	4.35	0.94
	higher	2.55	9.55	13.38	21.66	52.87	4.13	1.12
Total		1.95	6.49	9.52	21.43	60.61	4.32	1.01
	S2 – Divorce is acceptable
Gender	women	25.42	29.49	18.98	10.85	15.25	2.61	1.37
Gender	men	31.14	26.95	20.96	8.38	12.57	2.44	1.33
Financial situation	poor	31.58	26.32	21.05	10.53	10.53	2.44	1.31
	average	31.82	23.38	23.38	9.74	11.69	2.45	1.33
	good	24.69	32.51	18.52	9.47	14.81	2.58	1.34
	very good	26.09	26.09	13.04	13.04	21.74	2.82	1.48
Parent's education	primary	37.50	20.83	20.83	4.17	16.67	2.30	1.34
	vocational	22.22	29.91	23.08	9.40	15.38	2.65	1.33
	secondary	25.93	27.78	20.99	11.73	13.58	2.60	1.34
	higher	31.85	29.94	15.92	8.92	13.38	2.43	1.36
Total		27.49	28.57	19.70	9.96	14.29	2.55	1.36
	S3 - The functioning of alternative forms of partnerships (cohabitation) is acceptable
Gender	women	8.81	10.51	18.64	25.08	36.95	3.70	1.30
Gender	men	13.77	12.57	17.37	25.75	30.54	3.47	1.39
Financial situation	poor	5.26	10.53	15.79	31.58	36.84	3.83	1.18
	average	14.29	14.29	14.29	25.32	31.82	3.45	1.42
	good	8.64	9.47	20.99	25.93	34.98	3.70	1.27
	very good	10.87	10.87	17.39	19.57	41.30	3.76	1.32
Parent's education	primary	12.50	25.00	12.50	25.00	25.00	3.35	1.31
	vocational	8.55	8.55	17.95	28.21	36.75	3.75	1.26
	secondary	8.02	12.96	17.90	25.31	35.80	3.69	1.29
	higher	14.01	9.55	19.75	23.57	33.12	3.52	1.39
Total		10.61	11.26	18.18	25.32	34.63	3.62	1.33

[i] Source: own elaboration

References

Authors

Metrics

Articles in this issue

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2025-0035 | Journal eISSN: 2084-6118 | Journal ISSN: 0867-6046 (formerly 2084-6118)

Journal RSS Feed

Language: English

Page range: 247 - 256

Submitted on: Apr 24, 2025

Accepted on: Jun 16, 2025

Published on: Sep 4, 2025

Published by: Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

divorce,

second demographic transition theory

Related subjects:

Geosciences,

Geosciences, other

© 2025 Wioletta Kamińska, Mirosław Mularczyk, published by Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 29 (2025): Issue 4 (October 2025)