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Enhancing urban mobility: predicting cycle paths in Lublin city using GIS and open-source data Cover

Enhancing urban mobility: predicting cycle paths in Lublin city using GIS and open-source data

Open Access
|Jul 2025

Figures & Tables

Figure 1.

Network of cycle tracks in the districts of LublinSource: own study
Network of cycle tracks in the districts of LublinSource: own study

Figure 2.

Explanatory variables: (a) digital elevation model; (b) private areas map; (c) water bodies map; (d) population density map; (e) slope map; (f) proximity to roads mapSource: own study
Explanatory variables: (a) digital elevation model; (b) private areas map; (c) water bodies map; (d) population density map; (e) slope map; (f) proximity to roads mapSource: own study

Figure 3.

OD-Matrix routes: (a) district–district, (b) district–destination
Source: own study
OD-Matrix routes: (a) district–district, (b) district–destination Source: own study

Figure 4.

Average results: (a) proposed areas for the cycle path network, (b) demographic trend in 2018–2024, (c) spatial distribution of land cover changesSource: own study
Average results: (a) proposed areas for the cycle path network, (b) demographic trend in 2018–2024, (c) spatial distribution of land cover changesSource: own study

Figure 5.

Proposed cycle tracks and their prioritization
Source: own study
Proposed cycle tracks and their prioritization Source: own study

Land cover change statistics [km2]

Land cover201820302018–2030
Urban76.8180.453.65
Agriculture53.6050.06−3.54
Vegetation17.3017.29−0.01
Wetlands0.000.000.00
Water3.273.17−0.10

Number of hexagons of new bicycle infrastructure compared to the existing one

cycle tracksprimesupporting
proposedexistingproposedexisting
prioritynumbersharenumbervalue compared to the proposed ones *numbersharenumbervalue compared to the proposed ones *
high priority402%25 [2]68%1063%14 [0]13%
medium priority1 07954%498 [34]49%1 91052%210 [13]12%
low priority87743%430 [40]54%1 28835%147 [14]12%
irrelevant221%3 [0]14%36110%78 [0]22%
total2 018100%956 [76]51%3 665100%449 [27]13%

Length of cycle tracks in Lublin by type (as of December 2023)

Type of cycle trackCharacteristicsLength [km]
Segregated pathA section with separate lanes for pedestrians and bicycles132.7
Shared use pathPossibility of cycling on footpaths12.4
Cycle trackClearly separated and independent of other roads16.0
Contraflow cycle laneAllows bicycle traffic in the opposite direction on one-way roads (e.g. by separating the road and the bicycle lane)5.4
Cycle passageRoad surface intended for bicycles6.8
With-flow cycle laneA separate road lane for bicycles only (cycle lane in the same direction as traffic)30.4
DesignedSections designed – not yet implemented or in progress9.0
Total 212.7

Summary of data used

Data / sourceReference yearsCoordinate Systems Worldwide (EPSG number)Data provider (source)Purpose
Topographic Objects Database (BDOT10k) / vector2024ETRS89 / Poland CS92 (EPSG: 2180)Head Office of Geodesy and Cartography (GUGiK 2024)Road network, proximity to roads, built-up area, protected areas
Demographic data / PDF2018–2024-Lublin City Office (Urząd Miasta Lublin n.d.)Number of registrations
Land and building register (EGiB), Topographic Objects Database (BDOT500) / vector2024ETRS89 / Poland CS2000 zone 24 (EPSG: 2176)Geoportal of Lublin (Geoportal of Lublin n.d.)Administrative boundaries, bicycle infrastructure, right-of-way plots
Global Human Settlement Layer (GHSL) / grid2023World Mollweide (Pseudocylindrical) (EPSG: 54009)Joint Research Centre (JRC) (Schiavina et al. 2023)Population distribution
CORINE Land Cover (CLC) / vector2006, 2012, 2018ETRS89 / Poland CS92 (EPSG: 2180)Copernicus Land Monitoring Services (CORINE Land Cover 2024)Land cover
Digital Terrain Elevation Data (DTED) / raster2004WGS 84 (World Geodetic System 1984) (EPSG: 4326)United States Geological Survey (USGS 2024)Elevation, slope
DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2025-0021 | Journal eISSN: 2084-6118 | Journal ISSN: 0867-6046
Language: English
Submitted on: Oct 29, 2024
Accepted on: Apr 6, 2025
Published on: Jul 28, 2025
Published by: Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw
In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services
Publication frequency: 4 issues per year

© 2025 Wojciech Dawid, Bartosz Kubicki, published by Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

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