New dataset on income support in Poland’s rural areas

Year	Individual farmers	Small farmers	Institutional farmers	All beneficiaries	% Institutional	% Institutional in the value of total payments
2014	1,411,568	–	15,223	1,426,791	1.1%	23.8%
2015	1,416,227	–	17,863	1,434,090	1.2%	25.3%
2016	642,091	745,924	10,039	1,398,054	0.7%	20.5%
2017	678,342	698,073	12,082	1,388,497	0.9%	10.6%
2018	679,864	655,660	8,887	1,344,411	0.7%	13.9%
2019	705,701	619,315	10,150	1,335,166	0.8%	17.2%
2020	727,453	573,771	9,324	1,310,548	0.7%	13.4%
2021	750,524	541,825	9,214	1,301,563	0.7%	11.7%

[i] Source: Own elaboration based on data published by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development on https://beneficjenciwpr.minrol.gov.pl/ Note: Beneficiaries who had total payments below PLN 750 or for whom postal code information was missing are not included here. ‘Individual farmers’ are those farmers who were listed by name in the database. ‘Small farmers’ denotes farmers who joined the Small Farmers Scheme (in place since 2016). ‘Institutional farmers’ denotes all beneficiaries for whom the database does not report first name and surname and who are not listed as beneficiaries of SFS payments. The last column presents the percentage of payments that go to institutional beneficiaries. The share is calculated in total payments – namely all types of payments that are reported by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development.

Table A2.

Average and median total payments and single area payments by year and type of beneficiary (for total payments of not less than PLN 750; rural municipalities only)

Type	Year	Average total payment (PLN)	Median total payment (PLN)	% Receiving single area payments	Average single area payment (PLN)	Median single area payment (PLN)
Individual farmers	2014	12,564.37	5,876.29	94%	8,068.39	4,408.89
	2015	14,438.64	6,275.89	94%	8,924.12	4,800.28
	2016	23,111.17	13,703.34	92%	14,307.21	9,582.33
	2017	20,953.64	12,881.24	94%	13,895.78	9,275.02
	2018	22,772.81	12,876.52	97%	13,579.06	8,951.87
	2019	22,434.67	12,292.40	98%	13,365.31	8,705.32
	2020	24,521.88	12,524.77	98%	13,526.19	8,680.80
	2021	26,834.20	13,106.54	97%	13,420.43	8,574.87
Small farmers	2016	3,176.42	2,576.78	100%	2,495.97	2,206.84
	2017	3,000.12	2,599.94	100%	2,528.20	2,231.51
	2018	3,156.97	2,558.08	100%	2,491.52	2,190.55
	2019	3,073.93	2,510.09	100%	2,451.04	2,148.63
	2020	3,336.57	2,601.71	100%	2,493.17	2,183.26
	2021	3,503.80	2,610.95	100%	2,505.27	2,192.02
Institutional farmers	2014	358,385.50	50,661.73	45%	156,280.51	13,279.74
	2015	376,394.86	71,793.19	42%	156,111.07	12,614.01
	2016	419,455.13	148,748.05	53%	176,139.70	56,568.09
	2017	144,829.82	18,519.16	40%	171,014.03	51,770.90
	2018	333,602.93	108,638.00	63%	164,682.63	44,243.18
	2019	381,143.53	124,063.96	54%	161,612.76	41,823.51
	2020	349,188.61	116,636.81	60%	160,903.89	39,930.64
	2021	297,782.05	100,000.00	63%	156,739.69	37,465.25

[i] Note: In 2014 and 2015, ‘individual farmers’ include ‘small farmers’, who have been a separate category since 2016. For ‘small farmers’, the one-off payment was assumed to correspond to the single area payment. Beneficiaries who had total payments below PLN 750, or for whom postal code information was missing, are not included here. For ‘institutional beneficiaries’, the data for 2016/2017 should be treated with caution as it clearly departs from the rest with no obvious reason as to the case

Table A3.

TERYT codes of pairs of neighbouring urban/rural municipalities with the same name

Municipality	Urban	Rural
Aleksandrów Kujawski	0401011	0401042
Augustów	2001011	2001022
Bartoszyce	2801011	2801032
Bełchatów	1001011	1001022
Biała Podlaska	0661011	0601032
Białogard	3201011	3201022
Bielsk Podlaski	2003011	2003032
Biłgoraj	0602011	0602032
Bochnia	1201011	1201022
Bolesławiec	0201011	0201022
Braniewo	2802011	2802022
Brańsk	2003021	2003052
Brodnica	0402011	0402032
Brzeziny	1021011	1021022
Chełm	0662011	0603032
Chełmno	0404011	0404022
Chełmża	0415011	0415022
Chodzież	3001011	3001032
Chojnice	2202011	2202032
Chojnów	0209011	0209022
Ciechanów	1402011	1402022
Czarnków	3002011	3002022
Człuchów	2203011	2203032
Darłowo	3213011	3213032
Dębica	1803011	1803042
Dynów	1816011	1816052
Działdowo	2803011	2803022
Dzierżoniów	0202021	0202052
Elbląg	2861011	2804012
Ełk	2805011	2805022
Garwolin	1403011	1403042
Giżycko	2806011	2806042
Głogów	0203011	0203022
Głowno	1020011	1020052
Gniezno	3003011	3003032
Golub-Dobrzyń	0405011	0405032
Gorlice	1205011	1205042
Gostynin	1404011	1404022
Górowo Iławeckie	2801021	2801052
Grajewo	2004011	2004022
Grudziądz	0462011	0406012
Grybów	1210011	1210042
Gubin	0802011	802052
Hajnówka	2005011	2005062
Hrubieszów	0604011	0604042
Iława	2807011	2807032
Inowrocław	0407011	0407042
Jarosław	1804011	1804042
Jasło	1805011	1805042
Jordanów	1215011	1215052
Kamienna Góra	0207011	0207022
Kętrzyn	2808011	2808032
Kłodzko	0208021	0208072
Kolno	2006011	2006032
Koło	3009011	3009072
Kołobrzeg	3208011	3208042
Kościan	3011011	3011032
Kościerzyna	2206011	2206042
Kowal	0418011	0418092
Krasnystaw	0606011	0606052
Kraśnik	0607011	0607052
Kutno	1002011	1002062
Kwidzyn	2207011	2207032
Leżajsk	1808011	1808042
Lidzbark Warmiński	2809011	2809032
Limanowa	1207011	1207072
Lipno	0408011	0408062
Lubaczów	1809011	1809042
Lubań	0210011	0210042
Lubartów	0608011	0608072
Lubawa	2807021	2807052
Lubin	0211011	0211022
Łańcut	1810011	1810042
Łaskarzew	1403021	1403062
Łęczyca	1004011	1004052
Łomża	2062011	2007022
Łowicz	1005011	1005072
Łuków	0611011	0611052
Malbork	2209011	2209042
Mielec	1811011	1811052
Międzyrzec Podlaski	0601011	0601102
Mińsk Mazowiecki	1412011	1412112
Mrągowo	2810011	2810032
Mszana Dolna	1207021	1207092
Nowa Ruda	0208041	0208112
Nowa Sól	0804011	0804052
Nowe Miasto Lubawskie	2812011	2812052
Nowy Targ	1211011	1211092
Obrzycko	3024011	3024042
Oleśnica	0214011	0214062
Oława	0215011	0215042
Ostróda	2815011	2815092
Ostrów Mazowiecka	1416011	1416072
Ostrów Wielkopolski	3017011	3017042
Ozorków	1020021	1020062
Pabianice	1008021	1008072
Pionki	1425011	1425082
Płońsk	1420011	1420092
Pruszcz Gdański	2204011	2204042
Przasnysz	1422011	1422072
Przemyśl	1862011	1813082
Przeworsk	1814011	1814062
Puck	2211031	2211072
Puławy	0614011	0614092
Raciąż	1420021	1420102
Radomsko	1012011	1012122
Radymno	1804021	1804082
Radziejów	0411011	0411062
Radzyń Podlaski	0615011	0615062
Rawa Mazowiecka	1013011	1013042
Słupsk/Redzikowo	2263011	2212082
Rejowiec Fabryczny	0603011	0603082
Rypin	0412011	0412042
Sanok	1817011	1817052
Sejny	2009011	2009052
Siedlce	1464011	1426082
Siemiatycze	2010011	2010092
Sieradz	1014011	1014082
Sierpc	1427011	1427052
Skierniewice	1063011	1015082
Skórcz	2213021	2213102
Sławno	3213021	1007072
Słupca	3023011	3023062
Sochaczew	1428011	1428072
Sokołów Podlaski	1429011	1429082
Stargard	3214011	3214102
Starogard Gdański	2213031	2213122
Stoczek Łukowski	0611021	0611082
Suwałki	2063011	2012072
Szczecinek	3215011	3215062
Szczytno	2817011	2817062
Świdnica	219011	219072
Świdwin	3216011	3216062
Tarnów	1263011	1216092
Tczew	2214011	2214062
Terespol	0601021	0601162
Tomaszów Lubelski	0618011	0618112
Tomaszów Mazowiecki	1016011	1016092
Turek	3027011	3027082
Ustka	2212011	2212102
Wałcz	3217011	3217052
Wąbrzeźno/Ryńsk	0417011	0417052
Wągrowiec	3028011	3028072
Wejherowo	2215031	2215102
Włocławek	0464011	0418132
Włodawa	0619011	0619062
Wysokie Mazowieckie	2013011	2013102
Zambrów	2014011	2014052
Zamość	0664011	0620142
Zduńska Wola	1019011	1019042
Zgierz	1020031	1020092
Zgorzelec	0225021	0225072
Złotoryja	0226021	0226062
Złotów	3031011	3031082
Żagań	0810021	0810092
Żary	0811021	0811102

Table 4.

Summary statistics of total payments (based on rural municipalities and individual beneficiaries with total payments of at least PLN 750) – country level

Statistic	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
no. of obs.	729,536	730,897	713,962	708,029	687,517	678,698	673,242	669,220
min (PLN)	750	750	750	750	750	751	750	751
max (PLN)	13.76 mln	7.08 mln	17.75 mln	2.75 mln	5.02 mln	3.29 mln	5.04 mln	5.00 mln
mean (PLN)	12,564	14,439	12,956	12,324	13,624	13,842	15,585	17,472
median (PLN)	5,876	6,276	5,663	5,605	5,613	5,583	5,900	6,117
Theil	0.828	0.912	0.830	0.756	0.855	0.883	0.912	0.932
Gini	0.612	0.637	0.627	0.612	0.639	0.645	0.660	0.671
Atkinson	0.502	0.532	0.527	0.507	0.543	0.551	0.572	0.592
sd of log	1.083	1.104	1.147	1.131	1.173	1.180	1.213	1.260
q90/10	16.857	16.072	20.109	19.849	22.148	22.538	24.767	28.670
q95/05	29.683	34.407	39.613	38.109	42.918	43.689	47.812	52.668
q75/25	4.784	4.628	5.444	5.401	5.635	5.710	5.918	6.556
q99/01	135.849	152.757	128.961	111.724	135.814	141.373	172.507	190.820
q90/50	4.454	4.303	5.035	5.059	5.600	5.693	6.183	7.032
q50/10	3.785	3.736	3.994	3.924	3.955	3.959	4.005	4.077
share top 1%	17.8%	18.5%	15.8%	14.0%	16.5%	17.2%	16.6%	16.1%
share top 10%	49.6%	53.3%	49.8%	47.7%	50.7%	51.4%	53.2%	53.5%
share bottom 1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.1%	0.0%
share bottom 10%	1.0%	0.9%	0.9%	0.9%	0.8%	0.8%	0.7%	0.7%

[i] Note: Own elaboration. All the measures were calculated at country level – that is, for all beneficiaries taken together. Only rural municipalities and individual farmers with total payments of not less than PLN 750 are included. Variables denoted as ‘qX/Y’ refer to different percentile ratios as indicated by X and Y

Table A5.

Gini of total payments by year and voivodeship (based on rural municipalities and individual beneficiaries with total payments of at least PLN 750)

Voivodeship	Year
Voivodeship	2014	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	2021
Poland	0.612	0.637	0.627	0.612	0.639	0.645	0.660	0.671
Dolnośląskie	0.681	0.684	0.678	0.686	0.706	0.709	0.713	0.719
Kujawsko-pomorskie	0.583	0.611	0.586	0.580	0.605	0.610	0.617	0.628
Lubelskie	0.577	0.611	0.583	0.575	0.616	0.620	0.648	0.652
Lubuskie	0.724	0.743	0.721	0.714	0.722	0.726	0.722	0.723
Łódzkie	0.535	0.584	0.545	0.539	0.583	0.581	0.604	0.615
Małopolskie	0.565	0.608	0.568	0.544	0.606	0.602	0.633	0.658
Mazowieckie	0.565	0.581	0.570	0.536	0.559	0.582	0.595	0.618
Opolskie	0.663	0.693	0.672	0.660	0.684	0.682	0.687	0.705
Podkarpackie	0.625	0.609	0.596	0.595	0.630	0.624	0.652	0.669
Podlaskie	0.477	0.513	0.492	0.514	0.534	0.529	0.554	0.566
Pomorskie	0.618	0.662	0.630	0.611	0.629	0.640	0.644	0.648
Śląskie	0.661	0.682	0.651	0.645	0.684	0.670	0.694	0.695
Świętokrzyskie	0.577	0.598	0.628	0.536	0.605	0.589	0.633	0.637
Warmińsko-mazurskie	0.595	0.601	0.588	0.598	0.606	0.609	0.621	0.619
Wielkopolskie	0.594	0.638	0.634	0.589	0.604	0.626	0.641	0.653
Zachodniopomorskie	0.682	0.710	0.684	0.672	0.684	0.686	0.701	0.705

[i] Note: Own elaboration. Gini coefficients were calculated at voivodeship level for all beneficiaries taken together. Only rural municipalities and individual farmers with total payments of not less than PLN 750 are included.

Table A6.

The biggest changes in the Gini coefficient between 2014 and 2021 in rural municipalities, based on direct payments to non-institutional beneficiaries (total payments > PLN 750, municipalities with > 100 beneficiaries)

	TERYT	Name of municipality	Gini 2014	Gini 2021	Change
10 largest decreases	3020052	Gołuchów	0.813	0.652	−0.161
	2417062	Lipowa	0.601	0.475	−0.126
	1406032	Chynów	0.753	0.630	−0.123
	1417072	Sobienie-Jeziory	0.759	0.640	−0.119
	1215082	Zawoja	0.583	0.468	−0.116
	1403132	Wilga	0.750	0.661	−0.089
	1418052	Prażmów	0.719	0.631	−0.088
	3026012	Brodnica	0.658	0.571	−0.087
	2404072	Konopiska	0.782	0.695	−0.087
	2604172	Sitkówka-Nowiny	0.608	0.522	−0.087
10 largest increases	1425072	Kowala	0.549	0.832	0.283
	1207062	Laskowa	0.388	0.636	0.248
	1201042	Lipnica Murowana	0.486	0.726	0.240
	1005032	Chąśno	0.411	0.643	0.232
	2611022	Brody	0.452	0.681	0.230
	1209052	Raciechowice	0.451	0.662	0.211
	2417132	Świnna	0.467	0.676	0.209
	1206042	Jerzmanowice-Przeginia	0.449	0.657	0.208
	2601052	Solec-Zdrój	0.514	0.715	0.202
	1816072	Hyżne	0.447	0.641	0.194

[i] Note: Own elaboration. Gini coefficients were calculated at municipality level. Only rural municipalities with at least 100 beneficiaries are included. In addition, only individual farmers with total payments no less than PLN 750 are considered. TERYT is a unique identifier of units of territorial division in Poland

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/mgrsd-2023-0031 | Journal eISSN: 2084-6118 | Journal ISSN: 0867-6046 (formerly 2084-6118)

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Language: English

Page range: 54 - 65

Submitted on: Jun 12, 2023

Accepted on: Mar 25, 2024

Published on: Apr 30, 2024

Published by: Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw

In partnership with: Paradigm Publishing Services

Keywords:

Economic inequalities,

Poland,

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© 2024 Jan Fałkowski, Piotr Wójcik, published by Faculty of Geography and Regional Studies, University of Warsaw
This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Volume 28 (2024): Issue 2 (April 2024)

New dataset on income support in Poland’s rural areas

Figures & Tables

Figure A1.

Table A1.

Table A2.

Table A3.

Table 4.

Table A5.

Table A6.

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