Figure 1.
Study area
Source: own elaboration
Figure 2.
Spatial patterns of selected villages (A & B - enclave type; C & D - mix type)
Source: own elaboration
Table 1.
Population, study sample
| No. of residents | Total no. of second homes (in 2020) | No. of questionnaires made | Second homes’ share of total number of houses | Amenities & services | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kaniwola | 557 | 359 | 37 | 80% | Grocery, Piaseczno Resort, camping site |
| Wytyczno | 533 | 75 | 26 | 31% | School, grocery shops, church |
| Zbereże | 124 | 37 | 12 | 48% | community centre, chapel and guardhouse |
| Załucze Stare | 142 | 66 | 11 | 65% | chapel and museum of Polesie National Park |
Table 2.
PCA of variety of social interactions and results of Mann–Whitney U test to compare differences between village types
| Indicator Loadings | Cronbach’s alpha | Enclave type N=63 | Mix type N=23 | Mann–Whitney test | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | St. Dev. | Mean | St. Dev. | Z | p | |||
| F1. Positive judgement of relations with tourists | 0.847 | 3.49 | 0.55 | 4.19 | 0.53 | 4.67 | <0.001 | |
| I believe that relations with second home owners are friendly in nature | 0.810 | 3.44 | 0.89 | 4.21 | 0.73 | 3.62 | <0.001 | |
| In the part of the village inhabited by second home owners, I also feel ‘at home’ | 0.709 | 3.60 | 1.02 | 4.30 | 0.87 | 3.17 | 0.002 | |
| I feel at home in the village | 0.676 | 4.03 | 0.99 | 4.34 | 0.88 | 1.44 | 0.150 | |
| In general, contact between second home owners and residents is good | 0.672 | 3.65 | 0.81 | 4.47 | 0.59 | 4.29 | <0.001 | |
| The presence of second home owners positively influences human relations in the village | 0.621 | 3.46 | 0.86 | 4.13 | 0.75 | 3.163 | 0.002 | |
| Second home owners in the village are treated as equal citizens | 0.568 | 3.11 | 0.95 | 4.13 | 1.09 | 4.05 | <0.001 | |
| Second home owners are welcome in my town | 0.555 | 3.82 | 0.77 | 4.44 | 0.99 | 3.45 | <0.001 | |
| Second home owners refer to residents with respect | 0.512 | 3.60 | 0.85 | 4.57 | 0.72 | 4.64 | <0.001 | |
| Second home owners are close to the local community and become important ‘village ambassadors’ in the outside world | 0.505 | 2.85 | 0.89 | 3.56 | 0.99 | 3.24 | 0.001 | |
| The second home owner in the village is more of a guest than a ‘friend’ | 0.454 | 3.39 | 1.05 | 3.78 | 1.24 | 1.67 | 0.094 | |
| F2. Negative social impact* | 0.777 | 2.53 | 0.72 | 1.44 | 0.65 | -5.19 | <0.001 | |
| In conversation, I have criticised the presence of second home owners in the village | 0.753 | 2.57 | 1.04 | 1.30 | 0.82 | -5.10 | <0.001 | |
| I often have unpleasant conversations with second home owners | 0.733 | 2.19 | 0.94 | 1.43 | 0.84 | -3.61 | <0.001 | |
| The peace of the village was interrupted due to the presence of second home owners | 0.695 | 2.55 | 0.98 | 1.43 | 0.84 | -4.54 | <0.001 | |
| Second home owners are sometimes rude to residents | 0.679 | 2.79 | 1.10 | 1.60 | 1.07 | -4.19 | <0.001 | |
| F3. Engaged social relations* | 0.827 | 3.22 | 1.16 | 4.33 | 0.86 | 3.97 | <0.001 | |
| I have visited a second home owner’s house upon invitation | 0.872 | 3.09 | 1.41 | 4.43 | 1.03 | 4.19 | <0.001 | |
| I have been in a second home owner’s place | 0.820 | 3.23 | 1.36 | 4.43 | 0.94 | 3.90 | <0.001 | |
| Some of the second home owners are among my friends | 0.676 | 3.33 | 1.30 | 4.13 | 1.21 | 2.68 | 0.007 | |
Table 3.
PCA of extent of social interaction and results of Mann-Whitney U test to compare differences between the two village types
| Indicator Loadings | Cronbach’s alpha | Enclave type N=63 | Mix type N=23 | Mann–Whitney | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mean | St. Dev. | mean | St. Dev. | Z | p | |||
| F4. Individual-oriented | 0.834 | 1.84 | 0.83 | 3.09 | 0.99 | 4.616 | <0.001 | |
| Exchange of gifts | 0.841 | 1.42 | 0.77 | 3.08 | 1.75 | 4.127 | <0.001 | |
| Feasting together with second home owners | 0.745 | 2.01 | 1.18 | 3.30 | 1.32 | 3.844 | <0.001 | |
| Participation in joint sports and recreation | 0.740 | 1.69 | 1.02 | 2.78 | 1.75 | 2.609 | 0.009 | |
| Inviting them home | 0.738 | 1.87 | 1.14 | 2.82 | 1.58 | 2.510 | 0.012 | |
| Contact through correspondence in the workplace | 0.569 | 1.80 | 1.20 | 2.93 | 1.43 | 2.910 | 0.004 | |
| Joint participation in events in the village (postal invitations) | 0.568 | 2.23 | 1.34 | 3.39 | 1.33 | 3.295 | 0.001 | |
| F5. Attractions & facilities-oriented | 0.810 | 2.95 | 1.18 | 3.44 | 1.31 | 1.648 | 0.099 | |
| Contact with second home owners in bars or restaurants | 0.870 | 2.61 | 1.58 | 3.05 | 1.43 | 1.173 | 0.241 | |
| Contact with second home owners in stores | 0.820 | 3.58 | 1.36 | 3.72 | 1.55 | 0.457 | 0.648 | |
| Contact with second home owners on recreational terrains | 0.728 | 3.22 | 1.49 | 3.04 | 1.71 | -0.397 | 0.691 | |
| Contact with second home owners during cultural and sports events | 0.583 | 2.38 | 1.48 | 3.52 | 1.34 | 3.057 | 0.002 | |