Figure 1
Figure 2
Overview categorizations of public value capture instruments and Polish examples
| Taxes/charges, fees or conditions Usually require detailed regulation in legislation | Developer obligations | Public and public-private land assembly | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-negotiable Require detailed regulation in legislation and often also in local policy | Negotiable Require only basic regulation in legislation | ||||
| Based on direct rationale: landowner does not deserve value increase | Charged independently from modification of land-use regulation | Podatek od nieruchomości; Opłata planistyczna; Opłaty adiacenckie, betterment charge in exchange for public investment in infrastructure; | Not many examples of this in Poland, only land-lease (użytkowanie wieczyste) or the sale of ‘raw’ urban land is common | ||
| Charged in exchange for modification of land-use regulation | Opłaty adiacenckie charged in exchange for public decision on plot subdivision and land readjustment; | ||||
| Based on indirect rationale: commonly that landowner should internalize negative externalities’ development | Charged independently from modification of land-use regulation | Podatek od nieruchomości; Non-statutory (informal negotiated) betterment charge (rare); Informal conditions to administrative decisions (rare); | |||
| Charged in exchange for modification of land-use regulation | contract between developers and the road traffic authority (zarządca drogi); Umowa urbanistyczna following the 2015 Act on Revitalisation (ustawa o rewitalizacji, so far not used in practice); Umowa urbanistyczna following the 2018 Lex developer (so far not used in practice); | contract between developers and the road traffic authority (zarządca drogi); Informal NDOs (rare); | |||
Contributions from private developers towards public infrastructure in newly-developed areas_ Comparison between Spain, England, the Netherlands and Poland
| Construction costs on-site infrastructure (roads, sewerage, parks etc.) | Land for on-site public infrastructure (transferred for free or at a symbolic price) | Construction costs on-site public buildings | Land for on-site public buildings | Affordable/social housing | Off-site public infrastructure and buildings | Additional PVC | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spain | All or almost all | Almost all the required land (average between 60% and 80% development area) | Sometimes | Almost all the required land | the region and city (e.g., in Vitoria/Gasteiz 70% of all new housing in the period 2002–2005, average for Spain in that period was 8%) | Significant contributions, in land and in money | of building About 10% plots |
| England | Almost all | Most of the required land (30–60% development area is common) | Not often | Part of the required land | Important amount | Significant contributions, mostly in money | none |
| The Netherlands | Part of these costs | Important part of the required land | None | None | Increasing amount since 2014 (max 30%) | Increasing contributions since 2014 | none |
| Poland | Almost all internal roads and sewerage serving the development area only, and occasionally a small share of the greenery. But no contributions to roads necessary for connection with city. | Occasionally, developers provide a minor share of the required land. | none | none | none | none | none |
Overview of Polish public value capture tools, legal basis and proper authorities (own elaboration)
| PVC-tool | Legal basis | Proper authority in charge of implementation |
|---|---|---|
| Other than developer obligations | ||
| Land-lease of urban land (użytkowanie wieczyste) | Ustawa z dnia 23 kwietnia 1964 r. Kodeks cywilny (Civil Code), Ustawa z dnia 21 sierpnia 1997 r. o gospodarce nieruchomościami (Real Estate Management Act) | Municipalities (municipal land) State Treasury (state land) |
| Property tax (podatek od nieruchomości) | Ustawa z dnia 12 stycznia 1991 r. o podatkach i opłatach lokalnych (The Act on Local Taxes and Levies) | Municipalities |
| Planning levy (opłata planistyczna) | Ustawa z dnia 27 marca 2003 r. o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym (Act on Spatial Planning and Development) | Municipalities |
| Statutory betterment charge (opłata adiacencka), charged on owners that benefit from public investments in infrastructure | Ustawa z dnia 21 sierpnia 1997 r. o gospodarce nieruchomościami (Real Estate Management Act) | Municipalities |
| Informal (negotiated) betterment charge | No legal basis | Municipalities |
| Informal conditions to administrative decisions | No legal basis | Municipalities |
| Developer obligations | ||
| Formal N-NDOs (traffic infrastructure) | Ustawa z dnia 21 marca 1985 o drogach publicznych (The Act on Public Roads) | Road traffic authorities - zarządca drogi:
|
| Formal N-NDO’s (opłata adiacencka) charged on owners that benefit from plot subdivision and land readjustment | Ustawa z dnia 21 sierpnia 1997 r. o gospodarce nieruchomościami (Real Estate Management Act) | Municipalities |
| Formal N-NDO’s in urban revitalization areas | Ustawa z dnia 9 października 2015 r. o rewitalizacji (Act on revitalization) Ustawa z dnia 27 marca 2003 r. o planowaniu i zagospodarowaniu przestrzennym (Act on Spatial Planning and Development – amendments to regulations in this Act introduced by Act on Revitalization). | Municipalities |
| Formal N-NDO’s in developments against land-use plan | Ustawa z dnia 5 lipca 2018 r. o ułatwieniach w przygotowaniu i realizacji inwestycji mieszkaniowych oraz inwestycji towarzyszących, ‘lex developer’ (Act on Facilitation of Housing Development and Accompanying Facilities) | Municipalities |
| Informal NDO’s | No legal basis | Municipalities |