Remote sensing techniques to assess chlorophyll fluorescence in support of crop monitoring in Poland

Gurdak, Radosław; Bartold, Maciej

doi:10.2478/mgrsd-2020-0029

Figures & Tables

JECAM cropland site 25 km × 25 km, highlighted in yellow, with field sites where chlorophyll fluorescence were measuredSource: own elaboration

Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements on sugar beets with OS5p+ Pulse Modulated Chlorophyll FluorometerSource: photo by Maciej Bartold

Time series of vegetation indices for maize and sugar beets during 2018–2019Source: own elaboration

Sentinel-3 based land surface temperatures of maize and sugar beets during 2018–2019. The red crosses indicate mean, thin black lines median, green boxes 25%–75% ranges, black dots are outliersSource: own elaboration

Maximum and mean temperatures, as well as total precipitation, noted in 2018 at the meteorological station in the town of KornikSource: own elaboration

Maximum and mean temperature, as well as total precipitation, noted in 2019 at the meteorological station in the town of KornikSource: own elaboration

Vegetation indices calculated from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery

1	2	3	4	5
Application	Index	Description	Equation	Reference
Assessment of the general condition of vegetation	CTVI	Corrected Transformed Vegetation Index	CTVI=(NDVI+0.5)\|NDVI+0.5\|NDVI+0.5 {\rm{CTVI}} = {{\left( {{\rm{NDVI}} + 0.5} \right)} \over {\left\| {{\rm{NDVI}} + 0.5} \right\|}}\sqrt {{\rm{NDVI}} + 0.5}	Perry, 1984
	DVI	Difference Vegetation Index	DVI= aR_NIR-R_red	Richardson, 1977
	EVI	Enhanced Vegetation Index	EVI=RNIR−RredRNIR+C1Rred−C2Rblue+L {\rm{EVI}} = {{{R_{NIR}} - {R_{red}}} \over {{R_{NIR}} + {C_1}{R_{red}} - {C_2}{R_{blue}} + L}}	Huete, 1999
	GEMI	Global Environmental Monitoring Index	GEMI=n(1−0.25n)−Rred−0.1251−Rred {\rm{GEMI}} = {\rm{n}}\left( {1 - 0.25{\rm{n}}} \right) - {{{R_{red}} - 0.125} \over {1 - {R_{red}}}}	Pinty, 1992
	GNDVI	Green Normalized Difference Vegetation Index	GNDVI=RNIR−RgreenRNIR+Rgreen {\rm{GNDVI}} = {{{R_{NIR}} - {R_{green}}} \over {{R_{NIR}} + {R_{green}}}}	Gitelson, 1998
	IRECI	Inverted Red Edge Chlorophyll Index	IRECI=(RNIR−Rred)Rrededge1/Rrededge2 {\rm{IRECI}} = {{\left( {{R_{NIR}} - {R_{red}}} \right)} \over {{R_{rededge1}}/{R_{rededge2}}}}	Frampton et al., 2013
	MSAVI	Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index	MSAVI=RNIR−RredRNIR+Rred+L(1+L) {\rm{MSAVI}} = {{{R_{NIR}} - {R_{red}}} \over {{R_{NIR}} + {R_{red}} + L}}\left( {1 + L} \right)	Qi et al., 1994
	MSAVI2	Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index 2	MSAVI2=12[2R800+1−(2R800+1)−8(R800−R670)] {\rm{MSAVI}}2 = {1 \over 2}\left[ {2{R_{800}} + 1 - \sqrt {\left( {2{R_{800}} + 1} \right) - 8\left( {{R_{800}} - {R_{670}}} \right)} } \right]	Qi et al., 1994
	NDREI1	Normalized Difference Red Edge Index 1	NDREI1=R790−R720R790+R720 {\rm{NDREI}}1 = {{{R_{790}} - {R_{720}}} \over {{R_{790}} + {R_{720}}}}	Gitelson And Merzlyak, 1994
	NDREI2	Normalized Difference Red Edge Index 2	NDREI2=R750−R705R750+R705R445 {\rm{NDREI}}2 = {{{R_{750}} - {R_{705}}} \over {{R_{750}} + {R_{705}}{R_{445}}}}	Barnes, 2000
	NDVI	Normalized Difference Vegetation Index	NDVI=RNIR−RredRNIR+Rred {\rm{NDVI}} = {{{R_{NIR}} - {R_{red}}} \over {{R_{NIR}} + {R_{red}}}}	Rouse, 1974
	NRVI	Normalized Ratio Vegetation Index	NRVI=RredRNIR−1RredRNIR+1 {\rm{NRVI}} = {{{{{R_{red}}} \over {{R_{NIR}}}} - 1} \over {{{{R_{red}}} \over {{R_{NIR}}}} + 1}}	Baret, 1991
	REIP	Red Edge Inflection Point	REIP=700+40((R670+R7802)−R700R740−R700) {\rm{REIP}} = 700 + 40\left( {{{\left( {{{{R_{670}} + {R_{780}}} \over 2}} \right) - {R_{700}}} \over {{R_{740}} - {R_{700}}}}} \right)	Guyot And Barnet, 1988
	RVI	Ratio Vegetation Index	RVI=RredRNIR {\rm{RVI}} = {{{R_{red}}} \over {{R_{NIR}}}}	Bannari et al., 1995
	SATVI	Soil Adjusted Total Vegetation Index	SATVI=RNIR−RredRNIR+Rred+L(1+L)−RSWIR2 {\rm{SATVI}} = {{{R_{NIR}} - {R_{red}}} \over {{R_{NIR}} + {R_{red}} + L}}\left( {1 + L} \right) - {{{R_{SWIR}}} \over 2}	Marsett, 2006
	SAVI	Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index	SAVI=(1+L)(RNIR−Rred)RNIR+Rred+L {\rm{SAVI}} = {{\left( {1 + L} \right)\left( {{R_{NIR}} - {R_{red}}} \right)} \over {{R_{NIR}} + {R_{red}} + L}}	Huete, 1988
	SLAVI	Specific Leaf Area Vegetation Index	SLAVI=RNIRRred+RSWIR {\rm{SLAVI}} = {{{R_{NIR}}} \over {{R_{red}} + {R_{SWIR}}}}	Lymburger et al., 2000
	SR	Simple Ratio Vegetation Index	SR=RNIRRred {\rm{SR}} = {{{R_{NIR}}} \over {{R_{red}}}}	Birth, 1968
	TTVI	Thiam's Transformed Vegetation Index	TTVI=\|NDVI+0.5\| {\rm{TTVI}} = \sqrt {\left\| {{\rm{NDVI}} + 0.5} \right\|}	Thiam, 1997
	TVI	Transformed Vegetation Index	MSAVI2=12[120(R750−R550)−200(R670−R550)] {\rm{MSAVI}}2 = {1 \over 2}\left[ {120\left( {{R_{750}} - {R_{550}}} \right) - 200\left( {{R_{670}} - {R_{550}}} \right)} \right]	Deering, 1975
	WDVI	Weighted Difference Vegetation Index	WDVI=R_NIR-a*R_red	Richardson, 1977
Assessment of photosynthetically active pigment	CLG	Chlorophyll Index Green	CLG=RNIRRgreen−1 {\rm{CLG}} = {{{R_{NIR}}} \over {{R_{green}}}} - 1	Gitelson, 2003
	CLRE	Red-edge-band Chlorophyll Index	CLRE=R750R710−1 {\rm{CLRE}} = {{{R_{750}}} \over {{R_{710}}}} - 1	Gitelson, 2003
	MCARI	Modified Chlorophyll Absorption Ratio Index	MCARI=[(R700−R670)−0.2(R700−R550)](R700/R670) {\rm{MCARI}} = \left[ {\left( {{R_{700}} - {R_{670}}} \right) - 0.2\left( {{R_{700}} - {R_{550}}} \right)} \right]\left( {{R_{700}}/{R_{670}}} \right)	Daughtery, 2000
	MTCI	MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index	MTCI=R754−R709R709−R681 {\rm{MTCI}} = {{{R_{754}} - {R_{709}}} \over {{R_{709}} - {R_{681}}}}	Dash And Curran, 2004
	S2REP	Sentinel-2 Red-Edge Position Index	S2REP=705+35((RNIR+Rred)/2)−R705(R740−R705) {\rm{S}}2{\rm{REP}} = 705 + 35{{\left( {\left( {{R_{NIR}} + {R_{red}}} \right)/2} \right) - {R_{705}}} \over {\left( {{R_{740}} - {R_{705}}} \right)}}	Frampton et al., 2013
Assessment of the amount of light used in photosynthesis	SIPI	Structure Insensitive Pigment Index	SIPI=R800−R450R800+R650 {\rm{SIPI}} = {{{R_{800}} - {R_{450}}} \over {{R_{800}} + {R_{650}}}}	Peñuelas et al., 1995
Assessment of the amount of light used in photosynthesis	ZMI	Zarco-Tejada & Miller Index	ZMI=R750R710 {\rm{ZMI}} = {{{R_{750}}} \over {{R_{710}}}}	Zarco-Tejada et al., 2001
Assessment of water content	DSWI	Disease Water Stress Index	DSWI=R802+R547R1657+R682 {\rm{DSWI}} = {{{R_{802}} + {R_{547}}} \over {{R_{1657}} + {R_{682}}}}	Galvão et al., 2005
	MNDWI	Modified Normalized Difference Water Index	MNDWI=Rgreen−RMIRRgreen+RMIR {\rm{MNDWI}} = {{{R_{green}} - {R_{MIR}}} \over {{R_{green}} + {R_{MIR}}}}	Xu, 2006
	NDWI	Normalized Difference Water Index	NDWI=Rgreen−RNIRRgreen+RNIR {\rm{NDWI}} = {{{R_{green}} - {R_{NIR}}} \over {{R_{green}} + {R_{NIR}}}}	McFeeters, 1996
	NDWI2	Normalized Difference Water 2 Index	NDWI2=R857−R1241R587+R1241 {\rm{NDWI2}} = {{{R_{857}} - {R_{1241}}} \over {{R_{587}} + {R_{1241}}}}	Gao, 1996
	NDII	Normalized Difference Infrared Index	NDII=R850−R1650R580+R1650 {\rm{NDII}} = {{{R_{850}} - {R_{1650}}} \over {{R_{580}} + {R_{1650}}}}	Hardisky et al., 1993

Linear regression equations for estimating ChlF (FV/FM)

CROP TYPE	INDEX	FORMULA
MAIZE	NDII	F_V/F_M = 0.68053 + 0.25102 * NDII
MAIZE	SIPI	F_V/F_M = 1.1527 − 0.3640 * SIPI
SUGAR BEETS	EVI	F_V/F_M = 0.60230 + 0.07402 * EVI
SUGAR BEETS	S2REP	F_V/F_M = −8.753 + 0.01317 * S2REP

Sentinel-3 cloud-free satellite images of croplands in Wielkopolska_ Actual state on 10_ September 2019_

Year	2018								2019
Month	July				August				July				August
Day	5	9	21	28	1	5	13	17	4	15	25	26	1	8	12	13	15	22	23	24	26	28	29	30	31

Results of correlation analysis of ground measured ChlF and Vis (red color – results with the highest correlation coefficient)

Assessment	Vegetation Index	Maize				Sugar beets
Assessment	Vegetation Index	R coefficient	MAE	RMSE	p-value	R coefficient	MAE	RMSE	p-value
Assessment of the general condition of vegetation	CTVI	0.19	0.08	0.07	0.445	0.36	0.08	0.07	0.204
	DVI	0.24	0.07	0.07	0.315	0.29	0.08	0.08	0.320
	EVI	0.61	0.03	0.03	0.005	0.45	0.05	0.04	0.106
	GEMI	−0.26	0.07	0.07	0.275	−0.25	0.08	0.08	0.394
	GNDVI	0.07	0.10	0.09	0.767	0.35	0.09	0.09	0.226
	IRECI	0.64	0.02	0.02	0.003	0.22	0.08	0.08	0.447
	MSAVI	0.17	0.08	0.07	0.478	0.37	0.07	0.06	0.188
	MSAVI2	0.17	0.08	0.07	0.478	0.37	0.07	0.06	0.188
	NDREI1	0.14	0.08	0.07	0.579	0.35	0.07	0.07	0.213
	NDREI2	0.06	0.10	0.09	0.815	0.35	0.07	0.07	0.223
	NDVI	0.19	0.08	0.08	0.429	0.35	0.07	0.07	0.214
	NRVI	−0.19	0.08	0.08	0.429	−0.35	0.07	0.07	0.214
	REIP	0.15	0.08	0.07	0.538	0.31	0.08	0.07	0.284
	RVI	−0.17	0.08	0.07	0.478	−0.37	0.07	0.07	0.188
	SATVI	0.22	0.07	0.07	0.362	0.40	0.05	0.05	0.152
	SAVI	0.56	0.04	0.03	0.012	0.32	0.08	0.07	0.269
	SLAVI	0.37	0.06	0.06	0.124	0.26	0.08	0.07	0.374
	SR	0.29	0.07	0.06	0.233	0.21	0.08	0.08	0.479
	TTVI	0.19	0.08	0.07	0.445	0.36	0.07	0.07	0.478
	TVI	0.55	0.04	0.04	0.015	0.21	0.08	0.08	0.478
	WDVI	0.24	0.07	0.06	0.315	0.29	0.08	0.07	0.320
Assessment of photosynthetically active pigment	CLG	0.06	0.10	0.10	0.805	0.24	0.07	0.07	0.401
	CLRE	0.09	0.10	0.09	0.708	0.28	0.08	0.07	0.335
	MCARI	0.35	0.06	0.06	0.141	0.26	0.07	0.06	0.377
	MTCI	−0.01	0.11	0.10	0.980	0.38	0.06	0.06	0.186
	S2REP	0.46	0.06	0.05	0.046	0.43	0.05	0.04	0.125
Assessment of the amount of light used in photosynthesis	SIPI	−0.68	0.02	0.02	0.001	0.24	0.07	0.07	0.401
Assessment of the amount of light used in photosynthesis	ZMI	0.54	0.04	0.04	0.017	−0.13	0.09	0.08	0.665
Assessment of water content	DSWI	0.64	0.03	0.03	0.003	0.22	0.07	0.06	0.460
	MNDWI	0.54	0.04	0.04	0.017	0.09	0.09	0.09	0.751
	NDWI	−0.07	0.10	0.09	0.767	−0.35	0.06	0.06	0.226
	NDWI2	0.37	0.06	0.06	0.120	0.33	0.07	0.06	0.251
	NDII	0.65	0.03	0.03	0.002	0.31	0.07	0.07	0.279

Remote sensing techniques to assess chlorophyll fluorescence in support of crop monitoring in Poland

Figures & Tables

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Figure 7

Vegetation indices calculated from Sentinel-2 satellite imagery

Linear regression equations for estimating ChlF (FV/FM)

Sentinel-3 cloud-free satellite images of croplands in Wielkopolska_ Actual state on 10_ September 2019_

Results of correlation analysis of ground measured ChlF and Vis (red color – results with the highest correlation coefficient)

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