Landslide hazard assessment and monitoring in former coal-mining landscapes: A scoping review for reclamation and post-mining land use planning

Landslides represent a significant yet insufficiently synthesised hazard in post-mining landscapes undergoing closure, reclamation, and land-use transition. This scoping review analyses the extent to which existing research on landslide hazard assessment and monitoring supports reclamation planning and post-closure decision-making, with a focus on coal-mining regions, where decarbonisation is driving widespread closure and where the specific geological setting entails different hazard-assessment and monitoring approaches. A structured search of Web of Science and Scopus identified 669 records. The final set of studies (N = 32) consisted of those that met the inclusion criteria or were found by backward and forward citation tracking. The reviewed literature is dominated by case-based studies focused on hazard identification, site monitoring, and technical stabilisation, whereas relatively few studies provide spatially explicit outputs or decision-support tools directly usable in planning. National practices vary considerably, and critical gaps remain, such as the absence of harmonised directives, unclear monitoring responsibilities, and limited integration of hazard assessment results into statutory plans. The review highlights the need for planning-oriented outputs, particularly spatial hazard and risk mapping, long-term monitoring systems, and multi-hazard assessment frameworks, providing critical support for ensuring the safe and sustainable transformation of post-mining landscapes.