Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Demographic overview of participants in the start-up and innovation ecosystem
| Category | Subcategory | Percentage (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Age Group | 18–25 years | 32.1 |
| 26–35 years | 28.0 | |
| 36–45 years | 22.7 | |
| 46–55 years | 17.2 | |
| Gender | Male | 48.8 |
| Female | 40.1 | |
| Other | 9.8 | |
| Prefer not to say | 1.3 | |
| Profession | Start-up Founders | 31.4 |
| Entrepreneurs | 19.6 | |
| Academic Researchers and Professors | 23.8 | |
| Technology Innovation Experts | 11.7 | |
| Industry Business Experts | 10.9 | |
| Investors and Financial Experts | 2.6 | |
| Work experience | 2-4 years (Freshers) | 38.5 |
| 5–7 years | 24.6 | |
| 8–10 years | 20.3 | |
| More than 11 years | 17.3 |
Key opportunity areas for start-up development identified through positive response analysis
| Major factors | Priority Index (Combined positive responses) | Eligibility threshold (Priority Index > 55%) |
|---|---|---|
| Opportunities | ||
| Digital Transformation | Innovation services-50.7% | E-Commerce |
| E-Commerce-56% | ||
| Remote work-55.3% | ||
| Sustainability and Green Innovation | Eco-FriendlyProducts-53.4% | Renewable resource solution |
| Renewable resource solution-56.8% | ||
| Waste management technologies-55.6% | ||
Overview of questionnaire
| Sections | Variable | Reference | Question number |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Consent form | 1 | |
| 2 | Demographic details | ||
| Age | 2 | ||
| Gender | 3 | ||
| Profession | 4 | ||
| Work experience | 5 | ||
| 3 | Awareness and engagement of innovation hub | (Chandra & Ghosh, 2024) | 6-9 |
| 4 | Opportunity constructs | ||
| Innovation services | (Das & Pattnaik, 2023) | 10 | |
| E-commerce expansion | (Brinson, 2025) | 11 | |
| Remote work | (Khuntia, 2024) | 12 | |
| Eco-friendly products | (Gurav, 2023) | 13 | |
| Renewable energy solutions | (Bhat, 2023) | 14 | |
| Waste Management Technologies | (Chidambaram, 2025) | 15 | |
Reliability assessment of opportunity constructs in innovation hubs for start-up development in India
| Impacts | Cronbach’s alpha |
|---|---|
| Awareness and engagement of innovation hub (Q6) | 0.731 |
| Awareness and engagement of innovation hub (Q7) | 0.743 |
| Awareness and engagement of innovation hub (Q8) | 0.728 |
| Awareness and engagement of innovation hub (Q9) | 0.726 |
| Innovation services (Q10) | 0.750 |
| E-commerce Expansion (Q11) | 0.732 |
| Remote Work (Q12) | 0.738 |
| Sustainable products (Q13) | 0.731 |
| Renewable energy solutions (Q14) | 0.734 |
| Waste Management Technologies (Q15) | 0.759 |
Chi-Square and Spearman correlation analysis of key impacts in family business development
| Variables | Chi-square analysis | Sig. (2-tailed) (p=<0.05) | Spearman correlation analysis | Sig. (2-tailed) (p=<0.05) | Correlation Strength | Hypothesis Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Innovation | 26.712 | .000 | 0.627 | .000 | Strong | Accepted |
| E-Commerce | 32.492 | .000 | 0.751 | .000 | Strong | Accepted |
| Remote work | 24.615 | .000 | 0.596 | .000 | Moderate | Accepted |
| Eco-Friendly Products | 33.031 | .000 | 0.655 | .000 | Strong | Accepted |
| Renewable resource solution | 23.802 | .000 | 0.675 | .000 | Strong | Accepted |
| Waste management technologies | 45.987 | .000 | 0.732 | .000 | Strong | Accepted |