Figure 1.

Blind spots in the Spanish national healthcare system
| Actors | Blind spots | References |
|---|---|---|
| Users |
| (Coventry et al., 2020; Fotaki & Hyde, 2015; Gillespie & Reader, 2018; Morsø et al., 2022; O’Dowd et al., 2022) |
| Doctors and Nurses |
| (Coventry et al., 2020; Kruse et al., 2017; Latukha et al., 2022) |
| Administrators |
| (Coventry et al., 2020; Denis et al., 2021; O’Malley et al., 2010; Papadimos et al., 2020) |
| Policymakers |
| (Adebowale et al., 2020; Motta et al., 2020; Papadimos et al., 2020; Scopelliti et al., 2015, 2017) |
Institutional health voids, weak signals, and corresponding counter knowledge
| Institutional Health Voids (IHVs) | Weak signals | Counter-knowledge |
|---|---|---|
| Inter-institutional coordination | Cost-based service | Rumors regarding healthcare quality |
| Public financing | Unclear procedures | Confusion regarding the final price of medications |
| Social power systems | Discrepancy based on community-affiliation | Impression of bias toward political or economic interests |